Station Name: Onahama WMO Station Number: 47598 National I.D. Number: Country: JAPAN WMO Region: REGION II - ASIA Latitude: 36d 57m N Longitude: 140d 54m E Elevation: 3 m In the following tables, byr = beginning year of normals or extremes data period eyr = ending year of normals or extremes data period NA = Not Applicable, data not submitted or not computed * = value > 0 but < units resolution Ann-NCDC = annual value computed by NCDC from monthly values provided by Members ========================================================== The normals data and climate variable descriptions are presented in these tables as provided by the WMO Member country. ========================================================== Element 01: Dry Bulb Temperature (deg C) MEAN (Statistic 01): Mean Value STD_DEV (Statistic 03): Standard Deviation of Mean Value -------------------------- byr: 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 Statistic: MEAN STD_DEV Month -------------------------- Jan 3.1 1.2 Feb 3.3 1.2 Mar 5.8 1.3 Apr 10.8 1.1 May 15.1 1.0 Jun 18.2 1.2 Jul 21.5 1.2 Aug 23.9 1.0 Sep 20.9 .9 Oct 15.6 .9 Nov 10.5 1.2 Dec 5.7 1.2 Annual 12.9 .6 Ann-NCDC 12.9 NA -------------------------- Element 02: Maximum Dry Bulb Temperature (deg C) MEAN (Statistic 01): Mean Value STD_DEV (Statistic 03): Standard Deviation of Mean Value MIN_MLY (Statistic 20): Minimum Monthly Value MAX_MLY (Statistic 26): Maximum Monthly Value ------------------------------------------ byr: 1961 1961 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 1990 1990 Statistic: MEAN STD_DEV MIN_MLY MAX_MLY Month ------------------------------------------ Jan 8.1 1.2 5.5 10.7 Feb 8.0 1.2 4.5 10.4 Mar 10.3 1.3 7.5 12.8 Apr 15.1 1.0 11.8 17.0 May 18.9 1.0 16.9 20.8 Jun 21.5 1.1 18.9 24.0 Jul 24.6 1.3 21.7 26.6 Aug 27.3 1.1 23.9 29.0 Sep 24.5 .9 23.0 26.8 Oct 19.9 .9 18.6 22.1 Nov 15.4 1.2 12.9 18.1 Dec 10.8 1.2 8.6 13.3 Annual 17.0 .6 15.7 18.4 Ann-NCDC 17.0 NA NA NA ------------------------------------------ Element 03: Minimum Dry Bulb Temperature (deg C) MEAN (Statistic 01): Mean Value STD_DEV (Statistic 03): Standard Deviation of Mean Value MIN_MLY (Statistic 20): Minimum Monthly Value MAX_MLY (Statistic 26): Maximum Monthly Value ------------------------------------------ byr: 1961 1961 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 1990 1990 Statistic: MEAN STD_DEV MIN_MLY MAX_MLY Month ------------------------------------------ Jan -1.5 1.2 -3.2 2.0 Feb -1.0 1.3 -3.3 3.0 Mar 1.4 1.2 -1.2 3.9 Apr 6.4 1.2 3.4 8.6 May 11.3 .9 10.0 13.7 Jun 15.4 1.1 13.1 18.3 Jul 19.1 1.1 17.3 21.4 Aug 21.1 1.0 18.3 22.8 Sep 17.8 1.1 15.5 19.8 Oct 11.4 1.1 9.8 14.5 Nov 5.6 1.4 3.5 8.8 Dec .7 1.3 -2.5 3.2 Annual 8.9 .7 7.9 10.8 Ann-NCDC 9.0 NA NA NA ------------------------------------------ Element 06: Precipitation (mm) MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value MIN_MLY (Statistic 20): Minimum Monthly Value QUIN20% (Statistic 22): First Quintile QUIN40% (Statistic 23): Second Quintile QUIN60% (Statistic 24): Third Quintile QUIN80% (Statistic 25): Fourth Quintile MAX_MLY (Statistic 26): Maximum Monthly Value ------------------------------------------------------------------ byr: 1961 1961 1961 1961 1961 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 Statistic: MEANMLY MIN_MLY QUIN20% QUIN40% QUIN60% QUIN80% MAX_MLY Month ------------------------------------------------------------------ Jan 45.0 1.5 12.3 30.4 49.6 73.8 117.6 Feb 62.1 5.4 19.4 37.2 70.2 107.7 149.0 Mar 102.8 14.0 65.0 89.2 115.7 147.5 195.4 Apr 128.2 27.0 86.1 123.7 138.7 156.8 249.5 May 146.1 65.5 92.0 108.0 150.0 190.5 392.5 Jun 156.5 51.0 92.9 133.5 167.2 191.6 341.1 Jul 113.0 3.5 67.4 96.5 122.0 170.0 229.0 Aug 137.5 5.0 59.3 91.3 152.0 231.2 318.5 Sep 175.4 56.3 101.0 126.5 169.5 257.8 412.5 Oct 162.3 65.5 106.5 138.8 175.2 226.8 277.1 Nov 87.6 15.5 48.8 60.7 82.5 107.1 249.0 Dec 40.3 1.0 10.7 25.2 44.0 59.7 175.5 Annual 1356.8 813.0 1210.4 1333.4 1404.5 1551.2 1697.0 Ann-NCDC 1356.8 NA NA NA NA NA NA ------------------------------------------------------------------ Element 09: Snowfall (cm) MNDLYMX (Statistic 09): Mean Daily Maximum Value MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value MIN_MLY (Statistic 20): Minimum Monthly Value MAX_MLY (Statistic 26): Maximum Monthly Value ------------------------------------------ byr: 1961 1961 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 1990 1990 Statistic: MNDLYMX MEANMLY MIN_MLY MAX_MLY Month ------------------------------------------ Jan 3 4 * 16 Feb 5 8 * 45 Mar 2 3 * 19 Apr * * 0 3 May 0 0 0 0 Jun 0 0 0 0 Jul 0 0 0 0 Aug 0 0 0 0 Sep 0 0 0 0 Oct 0 0 0 0 Nov * * 0 * Dec 1 1 0 5 Annual 6 15 * 61 Ann-NCDC NA 16.0 NA NA ------------------------------------------ Element 10: Snow Depth (cm) MAX_VAL (Statistic 04): Maximum Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan 3 Feb 5 Mar 2 Apr * May 0 Jun 0 Jul 0 Aug 0 Sep 0 Oct 0 Nov 0 Dec 1 Annual 6 Ann-NCDC NA ------------------ Element 11: Relative Humidity (%) MEAN (Statistic 01): Mean Value STD_DEV (Statistic 03): Standard Deviation of Mean Value MN03LST (Statistic 73): Mean of Observations at 0300 LST MN09LST (Statistic 79): Mean of Observations at 0900 LST MN15LST (Statistic 85): Mean of Observations at 1500 LST MN21LST (Statistic 91): Mean of Observations at 2100 LST ---------------------------------------------------------- byr: 1961 1961 1961 1961 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 Statistic: MEAN STD_DEV MN03LST MN09LST MN15LST MN21LST Month ---------------------------------------------------------- Jan 60 3 69 58 47 64 Feb 60 4 69 56 50 64 Mar 63 5 72 58 56 67 Apr 71 4 79 65 66 75 May 77 3 85 71 72 81 Jun 84 2 90 80 79 87 Jul 87 2 93 84 82 89 Aug 85 2 91 80 78 88 Sep 81 2 88 76 74 86 Oct 75 3 83 68 65 81 Nov 70 3 78 65 59 75 Dec 64 4 73 61 52 68 Annual 73 1 81 69 65 77 Ann-NCDC 73.1 NA 80.8 68.5 65.0 77.1 ---------------------------------------------------------- Element 12: Sea Level Pressure (hPa) MEAN (Statistic 01): Mean Value STD_DEV (Statistic 03): Standard Deviation of Mean Value -------------------------- byr: 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 Statistic: MEAN STD_DEV Month -------------------------- Jan 1015.0 3.3 Feb 1015.8 2.4 Mar 1015.7 2.0 Apr 1016.2 2.1 May 1012.7 1.3 Jun 1010.2 1.5 Jul 1009.7 1.6 Aug 1010.1 1.5 Sep 1013.5 1.2 Oct 1017.2 1.4 Nov 1018.4 1.9 Dec 1016.7 2.1 Annual 1014.3 .5 Ann-NCDC 1014.3 NA -------------------------- Element 13: Station Pressure (hPa) MEAN (Statistic 01): Mean Value STD_DEV (Statistic 03): Standard Deviation of Mean Value -------------------------- byr: 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 Statistic: MEAN STD_DEV Month -------------------------- Jan 1014.4 3.3 Feb 1015.2 2.4 Mar 1015.1 2.0 Apr 1015.6 2.1 May 1012.1 1.2 Jun 1009.7 1.5 Jul 1009.2 1.6 Aug 1009.6 1.5 Sep 1013.0 1.2 Oct 1016.6 1.4 Nov 1017.8 1.9 Dec 1016.1 2.1 Annual 1013.7 .5 Ann-NCDC 1013.7 NA -------------------------- Element 14: Vapor Pressure (hPa) MEAN (Statistic 01): Mean Value STD_DEV (Statistic 03): Standard Deviation of Mean Value -------------------------- byr: 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 Statistic: MEAN STD_DEV Month -------------------------- Jan 4.7 .6 Feb 4.9 .8 Mar 6.1 .7 Apr 9.5 .9 May 13.4 .8 Jun 17.7 1.1 Jul 22.5 1.5 Aug 25.1 1.6 Sep 20.4 1.3 Oct 13.5 1.0 Nov 9.2 1.0 Dec 6.0 .7 Annual 12.7 .5 Ann-NCDC 12.8 NA -------------------------- Element 15: Sunshine %OFPOSS (Statistic 37): Percent of Possible MN_#HRS (Statistic 44): Mean Number of Hours -------------------------- byr: 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 Statistic: %OFPOSS MN_#HRS Month -------------------------- Jan 62.0 188.3 Feb 56.0 169.8 Mar 52.0 191.3 Apr 47.0 184.0 May 46.0 201.0 Jun 33.0 144.0 Jul 33.0 147.6 Aug 46.0 192.9 Sep 35.0 130.3 Oct 44.0 152.0 Nov 51.0 156.6 Dec 59.0 177.1 Annual 46.0 2035.3 Ann-NCDC NA 2034.9 -------------------------- Element 16: Wind Speed (m/sec) MEAN (Statistic 01): Mean Value ------------------ byr: 1975 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan 3.0 Feb 3.1 Mar 3.2 Apr 3.0 May 2.6 Jun 2.3 Jul 2.1 Aug 2.6 Sep 2.5 Oct 2.6 Nov 2.7 Dec 2.9 Annual 2.7 Ann-NCDC 2.7 ------------------ Element 17: Wind Direction (degrees) Statistic 38: Frequency Qualifier: 022.5 degrees Qualifier: 045.0 degrees Qualifier: 067.5 degrees Qualifier: 090.0 degrees Qualifier: 112.5 degrees Qualifier: 135.0 degrees Qualifier: 157.5 degrees Qualifier: 180.0 degrees Qualifier: 202.5 degrees ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- byr: 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 eyr: 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 Qualifier: 022.5 045.0 067.5 090.0 112.5 135.0 157.5 180.0 202.5 Month ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Jan .070 .030 .010 .010 .010 .010 .010 .020 .020 Feb .110 .040 .020 .020 .010 .010 .010 .030 .020 Mar .130 .050 .020 .020 .020 .020 .030 .060 .040 Apr .120 .080 .020 .020 .020 .030 .050 .120 .100 May .130 .070 .020 .030 .030 .030 .080 .160 .120 Jun .180 .110 .030 .030 .030 .040 .070 .150 .100 Jul .150 .110 .040 .030 .040 .060 .100 .160 .100 Aug .120 .090 .030 .040 .030 .050 .090 .170 .120 Sep .180 .090 .040 .030 .020 .030 .040 .080 .060 Oct .130 .060 .020 .020 .010 .020 .020 .060 .040 Nov .100 .040 .020 .010 .010 .010 .020 .040 .050 Dec .070 .020 .010 .010 .010 .010 .010 .030 .040 Annual .120 .070 .020 .020 .020 .030 .050 .090 .070 Ann-NCDC NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Element 17: Wind Direction (degrees) Statistic 38: Frequency Qualifier: 225.0 degrees Qualifier: 247.5 degrees Qualifier: 270.0 degrees Qualifier: 292.5 degrees Qualifier: 315.0 degrees Qualifier: 337.5 degrees Qualifier: 360.0 degrees ------------------------------------------------------------------ byr: 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 eyr: 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 Qualifier: 225.0 247.5 270.0 292.5 315.0 337.5 360.0 Month ------------------------------------------------------------------ Jan .020 .010 .030 .070 .210 .260 .200 Feb .020 .010 .020 .070 .170 .220 .210 Mar .020 .010 .020 .040 .130 .210 .180 Apr .030 .010 .010 .030 .070 .150 .140 May .040 .010 .010 .020 .050 .090 .110 Jun .040 .010 .010 .010 .020 .060 .110 Jul .040 .010 .010 .010 .020 .050 .090 Aug .050 .010 * .010 .030 .060 .100 Sep .020 .010 .010 .010 .040 .120 .230 Oct .020 .010 .010 .030 .070 .210 .270 Nov .020 .010 .020 .030 .120 .250 .230 Dec .020 .010 .020 .060 .170 .290 .220 Annual .030 .010 .010 .030 .090 .170 .170 Ann-NCDC NA NA NA NA NA NA NA ------------------------------------------------------------------ Element 17: Wind Direction (degrees) PREVAIL (Statistic 41): Prevailing ------------------ byr: 1975 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan 337.5 Feb 337.5 Mar 337.5 Apr 337.5 May 180.0 Jun 22.5 Jul 180.0 Aug 180.0 Sep 360.0 Oct 360.0 Nov 337.5 Dec 337.5 Annual 360.0 Ann-NCDC NA ------------------ Element 20: Sky Cover (Cloud Cover) (okta) MEAN (Statistic 01): Mean Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan 3.2 Feb 3.9 Mar 4.6 Apr 5.1 May 5.4 Jun 6.4 Jul 6.3 Aug 5.4 Sep 6.0 Oct 5.0 Nov 4.1 Dec 3.2 Annual 4.9 Ann-NCDC 4.9 ------------------ Element 33: Global Solar Radiation (MJ/m2) MEANDLY (Statistic 06): Mean Daily Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan 9.6 Feb 11.6 Mar 14.2 Apr 16.6 May 18.8 Jun 16.5 Jul 16.9 Aug 17.8 Sep 13.1 Oct 11.3 Nov 9.0 Dec 8.5 Annual 13.7 Ann-NCDC NA ------------------ Element 51: Number Days with Thunder (count) MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan .1 Feb .2 Mar .2 Apr .9 May 1.8 Jun 1.9 Jul 2.5 Aug 2.4 Sep 1.8 Oct 1.0 Nov .4 Dec .3 Annual 13.5 Ann-NCDC 13.5 ------------------ Element 56: Number Days with Snowfall (count) MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan 5.4 Feb 7.2 Mar 4.2 Apr .3 May .0 Jun .0 Jul .0 Aug .0 Sep .0 Oct .0 Nov .3 Dec 2.3 Annual 19.7 Ann-NCDC 19.7 ------------------ Element 73: Number Days with no Sunshine (count) MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan 2.5 Feb 3.4 Mar 4.5 Apr 4.6 May 4.6 Jun 6.6 Jul 5.8 Aug 3.1 Sep 5.3 Oct 5.3 Nov 4.2 Dec 2.8 Annual 52.8 Ann-NCDC 52.7 ------------------ Element 83: Number Days Maximum Temperature GE Threshold (count) Statistic 15: Mean Monthly Value Qualifier: 25.0 deg C Qualifier: 30.0 deg C -------------------------- byr: 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 Qualifier: 25.0 30.0 Month -------------------------- Jan .0 .0 Feb .0 .0 Mar .0 .0 Apr .1 .0 May .6 .0 Jun 3.0 .1 Jul 14.7 1.1 Aug 26.6 3.1 Sep 13.3 .8 Oct .9 * Nov .0 .0 Dec .0 .0 Annual 58.3 5.0 Ann-NCDC 59.2 5.1 -------------------------- Element 86: Number Days Minimum Temperature GE Threshold (count) Qualifier: 25.0 deg C MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan .0 Feb .0 Mar .0 Apr .0 May .0 Jun .0 Jul .0 Aug .2 Sep * Oct .0 Nov .0 Dec .0 Annual .3 Ann-NCDC 0.2 ------------------ Element 87: Number Days Mean Temperature GE Threshold (count) Qualifier: 25.0 deg C MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan .0 Feb .0 Mar .0 Apr .0 May .0 Jun .0 Jul 2.1 Aug 8.3 Sep 1.4 Oct * Nov .0 Dec .0 Annual 11.4 Ann-NCDC 11.8 ------------------ Element 91: Number Days Maximum Temperature LT Threshold (count) Qualifier: 0.0 deg C MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan * Feb .0 Mar .0 Apr .0 May .0 Jun .0 Jul .0 Aug .0 Sep .0 Oct .0 Nov .0 Dec .0 Annual * Ann-NCDC * ------------------ Element 93: Number Days Minimum Temperature LT Threshold (count) Qualifier: 0.0 deg C MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan 23.0 Feb 19.1 Mar 10.8 Apr 1.0 May .0 Jun .0 Jul .0 Aug .0 Sep .0 Oct .0 Nov 1.9 Dec 13.6 Annual 69.6 Ann-NCDC 69.4 ------------------ Element 95: Number Days with Precipitation GE Threshold (count) Statistic 15: Mean Monthly Value Qualifier: 0.5 mm Qualifier: 1.0 mm Qualifier: 10.0 mm Qualifier: 30.0 mm Qualifier: 50.0 mm Qualifier: 70.0 mm Qualifier: 100.0 mm ------------------------------------------------------------------ byr: 1968 1961 1961 1961 1961 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 Qualifier: 0.5 1.0 10.0 30.0 50.0 70.0 100.0 Month ------------------------------------------------------------------ Jan 4.6 4.1 1.4 .4 .1 .0 .0 Feb 6.4 5.5 2.3 .4 .1 * .0 Mar 9.5 8.0 3.2 .8 .3 .1 .0 Apr 10.7 9.1 4.0 1.2 .4 .1 .1 May 10.9 10.1 4.3 1.3 .5 .2 .1 Jun 13.6 11.7 4.8 1.5 .5 .1 * Jul 11.5 10.1 3.5 .8 .2 .1 * Aug 9.7 8.3 3.4 1.2 .7 .4 .2 Sep 13.4 11.4 5.1 1.7 .7 .2 .1 Oct 10.6 9.9 4.8 1.6 .6 .2 .1 Nov 7.5 6.7 2.5 .7 .3 .1 * Dec 4.8 4.2 1.2 .3 .1 * .0 Annual 113.2 99.0 40.6 11.9 4.4 1.7 .7 Ann-NCDC 113.2 99.1 40.5 11.9 4.5 1.5 0.6 ------------------------------------------------------------------ Element BH: Number Days Mean Temperature LT Threshold (count) Qualifier: 0.0 deg C MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan 2.7 Feb 2.0 Mar .3 Apr .0 May .0 Jun .0 Jul .0 Aug .0 Sep .0 Oct .0 Nov .0 Dec .1 Annual 4.6 Ann-NCDC 5.1 ------------------ Element BJ: Number Days with Fog (count) MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan .2 Feb .1 Mar .6 Apr 2.1 May 4.4 Jun 8.2 Jul 11.6 Aug 6.4 Sep 1.5 Oct .4 Nov .1 Dec .1 Annual 35.8 Ann-NCDC 35.7 ------------------ Element BM: Number Days with Daily Maximum Wind Speed GE Threshold (count) Statistic 15: Mean Monthly Value Qualifier: 10.0 m/sec Qualifier: 15.0 m/sec Qualifier: 20.0 m/sec Qualifier: 30.0 m/sec ------------------------------------------ byr: 1975 1975 1975 1975 eyr: 1990 1990 1990 1990 Qualifier: 10.0 15.0 20.0 30.0 Month ------------------------------------------ Jan 2.2 .0 .0 .0 Feb 1.3 .0 .0 .0 Mar 3.3 .3 .0 .0 Apr 1.5 .0 .0 .0 May .2 .0 .0 .0 Jun .2 .0 .0 .0 Jul .1 .0 .0 .0 Aug 1.1 .2 .0 .0 Sep .6 .0 .0 .0 Oct 1.2 .0 .0 .0 Nov 1.5 .0 .0 .0 Dec 2.0 .1 .0 .0 Annual 15.2 .5 .0 .0 Ann-NCDC 15.2 0.6 0.0 0.0 ------------------------------------------ Element BT: Number Days with Occurrence of Rain (count) MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value ------------------ byr: 1968 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan 11.6 Feb 13.4 Mar 16.0 Apr 16.1 May 16.4 Jun 20.5 Jul 21.0 Aug 17.7 Sep 20.1 Oct 15.8 Nov 13.4 Dec 10.1 Annual 192.2 Ann-NCDC 192.1 ------------------ Element BW: Number Days with Daily Maximum Snow Cover GE Threshold (count) Statistic 15: Mean Monthly Value Qualifier: 0.0 cm Qualifier: 5.0 cm Qualifier: 10.0 cm Qualifier: 20.0 cm Qualifier: 50.0 cm Qualifier: 100.0 cm ---------------------------------------------------------- byr: 1961 1961 1961 1961 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 Qualifier: 0.0 5.0 10.0 20.0 50.0 100.0 Month ---------------------------------------------------------- Jan 2.0 .3 .1 .0 .0 .0 Feb 3.6 1.0 .4 .0 .0 .0 Mar 1.5 .3 .1 .0 .0 .0 Apr .1 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 May .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Jun .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Jul .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Aug .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Sep .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Oct .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Nov .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Dec .7 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Annual 7.9 1.6 .6 .0 .0 .0 Ann-NCDC 7.9 1.6 0.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 ----------------------------------------------------------