Station Name: Nagoya WMO Station Number: 47636 National I.D. Number: Country: JAPAN WMO Region: REGION II - ASIA Latitude: 35d 10m N Longitude: 136d 58m E Elevation: 51 m In the following tables, byr = beginning year of normals or extremes data period eyr = ending year of normals or extremes data period NA = Not Applicable, data not submitted or not computed * = value > 0 but < units resolution Ann-NCDC = annual value computed by NCDC from monthly values provided by Members ========================================================== The normals data and climate variable descriptions are presented in these tables as provided by the WMO Member country. ========================================================== Element 01: Dry Bulb Temperature (deg C) MEAN (Statistic 01): Mean Value STD_DEV (Statistic 03): Standard Deviation of Mean Value -------------------------- byr: 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 Statistic: MEAN STD_DEV Month -------------------------- Jan 3.7 1.4 Feb 4.3 1.6 Mar 7.6 1.2 Apr 13.8 1.0 May 18.4 .7 Jun 22.0 .8 Jul 25.8 1.0 Aug 27.1 .8 Sep 23.1 1.2 Oct 17.0 .9 Nov 11.5 1.2 Dec 6.2 1.2 Annual 15.1 .6 Ann-NCDC 15.0 NA -------------------------- Element 02: Maximum Dry Bulb Temperature (deg C) MEAN (Statistic 01): Mean Value STD_DEV (Statistic 03): Standard Deviation of Mean Value MIN_MLY (Statistic 20): Minimum Monthly Value MAX_MLY (Statistic 26): Maximum Monthly Value ------------------------------------------ byr: 1961 1961 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 1990 1990 Statistic: MEAN STD_DEV MIN_MLY MAX_MLY Month ------------------------------------------ Jan 8.4 1.4 5.9 11.1 Feb 9.3 1.6 6.3 12.6 Mar 13.0 1.2 9.8 15.0 Apr 19.2 1.1 16.8 21.6 May 23.7 1.0 22.2 26.4 Jun 26.6 1.0 24.8 28.9 Jul 30.3 1.4 27.5 32.9 Aug 32.2 1.2 29.0 33.7 Sep 27.8 1.3 25.5 31.6 Oct 22.2 1.1 20.4 24.8 Nov 16.7 1.2 13.8 19.2 Dec 11.2 1.3 8.7 13.8 Annual 20.1 .6 19.0 21.4 Ann-NCDC 20.0 NA NA NA ------------------------------------------ Element 03: Minimum Dry Bulb Temperature (deg C) MEAN (Statistic 01): Mean Value STD_DEV (Statistic 03): Standard Deviation of Mean Value MIN_MLY (Statistic 20): Minimum Monthly Value MAX_MLY (Statistic 26): Maximum Monthly Value ------------------------------------------ byr: 1961 1961 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 1990 1990 Statistic: MEAN STD_DEV MIN_MLY MAX_MLY Month ------------------------------------------ Jan -.2 1.3 -2.8 2.7 Feb .2 1.6 -2.0 5.0 Mar 2.9 1.3 -.2 5.2 Apr 9.0 1.2 5.6 12.9 May 13.7 .9 11.9 15.6 Jun 18.3 1.0 16.2 20.3 Jul 22.4 .8 20.3 24.0 Aug 23.5 .8 22.0 24.9 Sep 19.6 1.3 17.1 21.6 Oct 12.9 1.1 10.8 16.0 Nov 7.1 1.4 4.9 9.7 Dec 2.1 1.2 -.7 4.4 Annual 11.0 .6 9.7 12.7 Ann-NCDC 11.0 NA NA NA ------------------------------------------ Element 06: Precipitation (mm) MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value MIN_MLY (Statistic 20): Minimum Monthly Value QUIN20% (Statistic 22): First Quintile QUIN40% (Statistic 23): Second Quintile QUIN60% (Statistic 24): Third Quintile QUIN80% (Statistic 25): Fourth Quintile MAX_MLY (Statistic 26): Maximum Monthly Value ------------------------------------------------------------------ byr: 1961 1961 1961 1961 1961 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 Statistic: MEANMLY MIN_MLY QUIN20% QUIN40% QUIN60% QUIN80% MAX_MLY Month ------------------------------------------------------------------ Jan 42.3 1.0 18.2 23.5 45.7 71.0 107.0 Feb 63.8 8.9 29.7 46.7 70.6 97.2 157.5 Mar 110.2 3.0 69.5 98.5 122.0 144.5 201.6 Apr 150.5 59.5 126.2 139.8 159.2 182.0 229.7 May 157.1 50.7 103.7 130.0 168.0 205.7 269.6 Jun 217.9 69.5 146.0 172.5 231.0 269.0 513.7 Jul 212.5 33.0 128.5 175.1 204.5 313.0 415.5 Aug 145.1 4.4 73.7 108.0 144.7 228.2 376.0 Sep 211.0 30.9 107.0 162.5 228.0 303.5 516.0 Oct 114.1 40.0 56.2 84.2 131.7 168.7 237.0 Nov 70.5 9.5 41.0 59.6 67.6 96.0 175.0 Dec 40.0 .0 19.0 28.2 44.0 54.7 124.5 Annual 1534.9 1103.5 1313.9 1520.8 1601.2 1691.3 2028.5 Ann-NCDC 1535.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA ------------------------------------------------------------------ Element 09: Snowfall (cm) MNDLYMX (Statistic 09): Mean Daily Maximum Value MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value MIN_MLY (Statistic 20): Minimum Monthly Value MAX_MLY (Statistic 26): Maximum Monthly Value ------------------------------------------ byr: 1961 1961 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 1990 1990 Statistic: MNDLYMX MEANMLY MIN_MLY MAX_MLY Month ------------------------------------------ Jan 3 5 0 22 Feb 5 8 0 46 Mar * * 0 4 Apr * * 0 * May 0 0 0 0 Jun 0 0 0 0 Jul 0 0 0 0 Aug 0 0 0 0 Sep 0 0 0 0 Oct 0 0 0 0 Nov * * 0 2 Dec 1 2 0 21 Annual 6 15 0 59 Ann-NCDC NA 15.0 NA NA ------------------------------------------ Element 10: Snow Depth (cm) MAX_VAL (Statistic 04): Maximum Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan 4 Feb 5 Mar * Apr 0 May 0 Jun 0 Jul 0 Aug 0 Sep 0 Oct 0 Nov * Dec 1 Annual 7 Ann-NCDC NA ------------------ Element 11: Relative Humidity (%) MEAN (Statistic 01): Mean Value STD_DEV (Statistic 03): Standard Deviation of Mean Value MN03LST (Statistic 73): Mean of Observations at 0300 LST MN09LST (Statistic 79): Mean of Observations at 0900 LST MN15LST (Statistic 85): Mean of Observations at 1500 LST MN21LST (Statistic 91): Mean of Observations at 2100 LST ---------------------------------------------------------- byr: 1961 1961 1961 1961 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 Statistic: MEAN STD_DEV MN03LST MN09LST MN15LST MN21LST Month ---------------------------------------------------------- Jan 65 3 74 67 50 69 Feb 64 4 74 64 49 67 Mar 61 4 73 60 46 64 Apr 65 5 77 62 51 69 May 68 5 80 65 53 72 Jun 74 4 85 72 62 78 Jul 78 4 87 76 65 81 Aug 74 4 85 72 60 79 Sep 75 3 85 74 62 79 Oct 70 4 82 69 54 74 Nov 68 3 80 68 52 72 Dec 67 4 77 69 51 71 Annual 69 3 80 68 55 73 Ann-NCDC 69.1 NA 79.9 68.2 54.6 72.9 ---------------------------------------------------------- Element 12: Sea Level Pressure (hPa) MEAN (Statistic 01): Mean Value STD_DEV (Statistic 03): Standard Deviation of Mean Value -------------------------- byr: 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 Statistic: MEAN STD_DEV Month -------------------------- Jan 1018.0 2.5 Feb 1017.9 1.9 Mar 1016.8 1.5 Apr 1016.1 1.7 May 1012.4 1.2 Jun 1009.3 1.4 Jul 1009.0 1.3 Aug 1009.4 1.8 Sep 1012.5 1.2 Oct 1016.9 1.2 Nov 1019.4 1.3 Dec 1019.3 1.7 Annual 1014.8 .4 Ann-NCDC 1014.8 NA -------------------------- Element 13: Station Pressure (hPa) MEAN (Statistic 01): Mean Value STD_DEV (Statistic 03): Standard Deviation of Mean Value -------------------------- byr: 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 Statistic: MEAN STD_DEV Month -------------------------- Jan 1011.0 2.5 Feb 1011.0 1.9 Mar 1010.0 1.4 Apr 1009.4 1.7 May 1005.9 1.2 Jun 1002.9 1.4 Jul 1002.7 1.3 Aug 1003.1 1.8 Sep 1006.0 1.2 Oct 1010.3 1.2 Nov 1012.7 1.3 Dec 1012.4 1.7 Annual 1008.1 .4 Ann-NCDC 1008.1 NA -------------------------- Element 14: Vapor Pressure (hPa) MEAN (Statistic 01): Mean Value STD_DEV (Statistic 03): Standard Deviation of Mean Value -------------------------- byr: 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 Statistic: MEAN STD_DEV Month -------------------------- Jan 5.3 .6 Feb 5.4 .8 Mar 6.5 .7 Apr 10.4 1.3 May 14.2 1.2 Jun 19.5 1.3 Jul 25.4 1.3 Aug 26.4 1.5 Sep 21.4 1.6 Oct 13.7 1.1 Nov 9.5 1.0 Dec 6.5 .7 Annual 13.7 .5 Ann-NCDC 13.7 NA -------------------------- Element 15: Sunshine %OFPOSS (Statistic 37): Percent of Possible MN_#HRS (Statistic 44): Mean Number of Hours -------------------------- byr: 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 Statistic: %OFPOSS MN_#HRS Month -------------------------- Jan 54.0 166.8 Feb 52.0 159.0 Mar 52.0 190.3 Apr 45.0 176.6 May 47.0 201.5 Jun 34.0 146.2 Jul 36.0 157.3 Aug 47.0 196.3 Sep 37.0 138.6 Oct 47.0 163.2 Nov 51.0 157.2 Dec 53.0 161.9 Annual 45.0 2015.0 Ann-NCDC NA 2014.9 -------------------------- Element 16: Wind Speed (m/sec) MEAN (Statistic 01): Mean Value ------------------ byr: 1975 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan 2.9 Feb 3.2 Mar 3.4 Apr 3.2 May 2.9 Jun 2.6 Jul 2.5 Aug 2.6 Sep 2.5 Oct 2.5 Nov 2.6 Dec 2.6 Annual 2.8 Ann-NCDC 2.8 ------------------ Element 17: Wind Direction (degrees) Statistic 38: Frequency Qualifier: 022.5 degrees Qualifier: 045.0 degrees Qualifier: 067.5 degrees Qualifier: 090.0 degrees Qualifier: 112.5 degrees Qualifier: 135.0 degrees Qualifier: 157.5 degrees Qualifier: 180.0 degrees Qualifier: 202.5 degrees ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- byr: 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 eyr: 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 Qualifier: 022.5 045.0 067.5 090.0 112.5 135.0 157.5 180.0 202.5 Month ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Jan .060 .040 .030 .010 .010 .010 .010 .010 .010 Feb .060 .020 .020 .010 .010 .010 .010 .010 .010 Mar .050 .020 .020 * .020 .030 .030 .020 .010 Apr .050 .030 .020 .020 .040 .080 .090 .060 .020 May .040 .030 .030 .020 .050 .090 .120 .080 .030 Jun .040 .040 .030 .020 .040 .120 .170 .100 .040 Jul .040 .030 .030 .020 .050 .150 .190 .090 .040 Aug .040 .040 .030 .030 .060 .150 .190 .080 .030 Sep .050 .040 .030 .020 .030 .090 .100 .050 .020 Oct .060 .030 .030 .010 .020 .040 .030 .030 .020 Nov .080 .050 .030 .020 .020 .020 .010 .010 .010 Dec .080 .060 .040 .020 .010 .010 .010 .010 .010 Annual .050 .040 .030 .020 .030 .070 .080 .050 .020 Ann-NCDC NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Element 17: Wind Direction (degrees) Statistic 38: Frequency Qualifier: 225.0 degrees Qualifier: 247.5 degrees Qualifier: 270.0 degrees Qualifier: 292.5 degrees Qualifier: 315.0 degrees Qualifier: 337.5 degrees Qualifier: 360.0 degrees ------------------------------------------------------------------ byr: 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 eyr: 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 Qualifier: 225.0 247.5 270.0 292.5 315.0 337.5 360.0 Month ------------------------------------------------------------------ Jan .010 .020 .040 .150 .220 .200 .170 Feb .010 .020 .020 .160 .240 .240 .160 Mar .010 .020 .020 .120 .240 .220 .180 Apr .020 .010 .020 .090 .150 .160 .140 May .030 .020 .020 .080 .120 .130 .110 Jun .030 .020 .020 .070 .080 .090 .100 Jul .030 .020 .020 .050 .060 .090 .080 Aug .030 .020 .020 .050 .060 .080 .090 Sep .020 .020 .020 .050 .120 .160 .170 Oct .020 .020 .020 .070 .140 .230 .240 Nov .010 .010 .030 .090 .160 .220 .230 Dec .010 .020 .020 .110 .180 .210 .210 Annual .020 .020 .020 .090 .150 .170 .160 Ann-NCDC NA NA NA NA NA NA NA ------------------------------------------------------------------ Element 17: Wind Direction (degrees) PREVAIL (Statistic 41): Prevailing ------------------ byr: 1975 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan 315.0 Feb 315.0 Mar 315.0 Apr 337.5 May 337.5 Jun 157.5 Jul 157.5 Aug 157.5 Sep 360.0 Oct 360.0 Nov 360.0 Dec 337.5 Annual 337.5 Ann-NCDC NA ------------------ Element 20: Sky Cover (Cloud Cover) (okta) MEAN (Statistic 01): Mean Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan 4.0 Feb 4.2 Mar 4.3 Apr 5.2 May 5.3 Jun 6.2 Jul 6.0 Aug 5.1 Sep 5.6 Oct 4.6 Nov 4.1 Dec 3.7 Annual 4.9 Ann-NCDC 4.9 ------------------ Element 33: Global Solar Radiation (MJ/m2) MEANDLY (Statistic 06): Mean Daily Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan 9.1 Feb 11.3 Mar 14.1 Apr 16.0 May 17.7 Jun 15.7 Jul 15.7 Aug 16.5 Sep 12.7 Oct 11.4 Nov 9.1 Dec 8.3 Annual 13.1 Ann-NCDC NA ------------------ Element 51: Number Days with Thunder (count) MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan * Feb .2 Mar .3 Apr .5 May .9 Jun 1.7 Jul 4.4 Aug 4.1 Sep 2.6 Oct .4 Nov .2 Dec .1 Annual 15.5 Ann-NCDC 15.4 ------------------ Element 56: Number Days with Snowfall (count) MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan 7.2 Feb 6.6 Mar 2.7 Apr .1 May .0 Jun .0 Jul .0 Aug .0 Sep .0 Oct .0 Nov .3 Dec 2.4 Annual 19.3 Ann-NCDC 19.3 ------------------ Element 73: Number Days with no Sunshine (count) MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan 2.6 Feb 3.3 Mar 4.7 Apr 5.2 May 5.3 Jun 6.7 Jul 5.1 Aug 1.7 Sep 5.4 Oct 5.4 Nov 3.9 Dec 2.8 Annual 52.1 Ann-NCDC 52.1 ------------------ Element 83: Number Days Maximum Temperature GE Threshold (count) Statistic 15: Mean Monthly Value Qualifier: 25.0 deg C Qualifier: 30.0 deg C -------------------------- byr: 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 Qualifier: 25.0 30.0 Month -------------------------- Jan .0 .0 Feb .0 .0 Mar .0 .0 Apr 1.9 .0 May 11.8 .8 Jun 21.4 4.1 Jul 28.0 17.8 Aug 30.6 25.4 Sep 23.6 8.7 Oct 6.1 .1 Nov .1 .0 Dec .0 .0 Annual 123.6 57.0 Ann-NCDC 123.5 56.9 -------------------------- Element 86: Number Days Minimum Temperature GE Threshold (count) Qualifier: 25.0 deg C MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan .0 Feb .0 Mar .0 Apr .0 May .0 Jun .0 Jul 2.3 Aug 5.5 Sep .4 Oct .0 Nov .0 Dec .0 Annual 8.2 Ann-NCDC 8.2 ------------------ Element 87: Number Days Mean Temperature GE Threshold (count) Qualifier: 25.0 deg C MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan .0 Feb .0 Mar .0 Apr .0 May * Jun 2.2 Jul 19.6 Aug 27.7 Sep 8.6 Oct .1 Nov .0 Dec .0 Annual 58.2 Ann-NCDC 58.2 ------------------ Element 91: Number Days Maximum Temperature LT Threshold (count) Qualifier: 0.0 deg C MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan .0 Feb .0 Mar .0 Apr .0 May .0 Jun .0 Jul .0 Aug .0 Sep .0 Oct .0 Nov .0 Dec * Annual * Ann-NCDC * ------------------ Element 93: Number Days Minimum Temperature LT Threshold (count) Qualifier: 0.0 deg C MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan 17.3 Feb 15.4 Mar 6.6 Apr .1 May .0 Jun .0 Jul .0 Aug .0 Sep .0 Oct .0 Nov .1 Dec 6.9 Annual 46.4 Ann-NCDC 46.4 ------------------ Element 95: Number Days with Precipitation GE Threshold (count) Statistic 15: Mean Monthly Value Qualifier: 0.5 mm Qualifier: 1.0 mm Qualifier: 10.0 mm Qualifier: 30.0 mm Qualifier: 50.0 mm Qualifier: 70.0 mm Qualifier: 100.0 mm ------------------------------------------------------------------ byr: 1968 1961 1961 1961 1961 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 Qualifier: 0.5 1.0 10.0 30.0 50.0 70.0 100.0 Month ------------------------------------------------------------------ Jan 6.3 5.3 1.6 .1 .0 .0 .0 Feb 7.5 6.4 2.4 .3 .1 .0 .0 Mar 9.5 8.7 4.3 .6 .1 * .0 Apr 11.5 10.6 5.5 1.3 .2 * .0 May 10.6 10.1 5.4 1.4 .5 .1 .0 Jun 13.3 12.3 6.2 2.2 .8 .4 .1 Jul 13.3 12.2 5.9 2.0 1.0 .5 .1 Aug 9.6 8.2 4.2 1.4 .6 .3 .1 Sep 12.3 11.0 5.0 2.0 1.0 .7 .3 Oct 9.5 8.3 3.8 1.0 .4 .1 .0 Nov 7.4 6.6 2.1 .6 .1 .1 .0 Dec 6.1 4.9 1.4 .1 * .0 .0 Annual 116.8 104.4 47.8 13.0 4.9 2.1 .7 Ann-NCDC 116.9 104.6 47.8 13.0 4.8 2.2 0.6 ------------------------------------------------------------------ Element BH: Number Days Mean Temperature LT Threshold (count) Qualifier: 0.0 deg C MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan 1.3 Feb 1.0 Mar .1 Apr .0 May .0 Jun .0 Jul .0 Aug .0 Sep .0 Oct .0 Nov .0 Dec .3 Annual 2.6 Ann-NCDC 2.7 ------------------ Element BJ: Number Days with Fog (count) MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan 1.2 Feb 1.5 Mar 2.1 Apr 2.0 May 1.6 Jun 1.8 Jul 1.1 Aug .2 Sep 1.2 Oct 1.7 Nov 1.6 Dec 1.5 Annual 17.4 Ann-NCDC 17.5 ------------------ Element BM: Number Days with Daily Maximum Wind Speed GE Threshold (count) Statistic 15: Mean Monthly Value Qualifier: 10.0 m/sec Qualifier: 15.0 m/sec Qualifier: 20.0 m/sec Qualifier: 30.0 m/sec ------------------------------------------ byr: 1975 1975 1975 1975 eyr: 1990 1990 1990 1990 Qualifier: 10.0 15.0 20.0 30.0 Month ------------------------------------------ Jan 1.4 .0 .0 .0 Feb 2.1 .0 .0 .0 Mar 4.4 .1 .0 .0 Apr 2.2 .0 .0 .0 May 1.9 .0 .0 .0 Jun .4 .0 .0 .0 Jul .1 .0 .0 .0 Aug .6 .1 .0 .0 Sep .8 .2 .1 .0 Oct 1.5 .1 .0 .0 Nov 1.4 .0 .0 .0 Dec .8 .0 .0 .0 Annual 17.6 .4 .1 .0 Ann-NCDC 17.6 0.5 0.1 0.0 ------------------------------------------ Element BT: Number Days with Occurrence of Rain (count) MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value ------------------ byr: 1968 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan 15.2 Feb 15.0 Mar 16.3 Apr 15.5 May 14.4 Jun 18.3 Jul 19.2 Aug 16.1 Sep 17.9 Oct 14.7 Nov 13.0 Dec 13.7 Annual 189.4 Ann-NCDC 189.3 ------------------ Element BW: Number Days with Daily Maximum Snow Cover GE Threshold (count) Statistic 15: Mean Monthly Value Qualifier: 0.0 cm Qualifier: 5.0 cm Qualifier: 10.0 cm Qualifier: 20.0 cm Qualifier: 50.0 cm Qualifier: 100.0 cm ---------------------------------------------------------- byr: 1961 1961 1961 1961 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 Qualifier: 0.0 5.0 10.0 20.0 50.0 100.0 Month ---------------------------------------------------------- Jan 3.0 .4 .1 .0 .0 .0 Feb 2.9 .8 .3 .0 .0 .0 Mar .7 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Apr .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 May .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Jun .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Jul .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Aug .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Sep .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Oct .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Nov * .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Dec .6 .2 .1 * .0 .0 Annual 7.2 1.5 .5 * .0 .0 Ann-NCDC 7.2 1.4 0.5 * 0.0 0.0 ----------------------------------------------------------