Station Name: Tokyo WMO Station Number: 47662 National I.D. Number: Country: JAPAN WMO Region: REGION II - ASIA Latitude: 35d 41m N Longitude: 139d 46m E Elevation: 5 m In the following tables, byr = beginning year of normals or extremes data period eyr = ending year of normals or extremes data period NA = Not Applicable, data not submitted or not computed * = value > 0 but < units resolution Ann-NCDC = annual value computed by NCDC from monthly values provided by Members ========================================================== The normals data and climate variable descriptions are presented in these tables as provided by the WMO Member country. ========================================================== Element 01: Dry Bulb Temperature (deg C) MEAN (Statistic 01): Mean Value STD_DEV (Statistic 03): Standard Deviation of Mean Value -------------------------- byr: 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 Statistic: MEAN STD_DEV Month -------------------------- Jan 5.2 1.2 Feb 5.6 1.2 Mar 8.5 1.2 Apr 14.1 1.0 May 18.6 .9 Jun 21.7 1.1 Jul 25.2 1.3 Aug 27.1 1.1 Sep 23.2 1.1 Oct 17.6 1.0 Nov 12.6 1.1 Dec 7.9 1.1 Annual 15.6 .6 Ann-NCDC 15.6 NA -------------------------- Element 02: Maximum Dry Bulb Temperature (deg C) MEAN (Statistic 01): Mean Value STD_DEV (Statistic 03): Standard Deviation of Mean Value MIN_MLY (Statistic 20): Minimum Monthly Value MAX_MLY (Statistic 26): Maximum Monthly Value ------------------------------------------ byr: 1961 1961 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 1990 1990 Statistic: MEAN STD_DEV MIN_MLY MAX_MLY Month ------------------------------------------ Jan 9.5 1.1 7.5 11.7 Feb 9.7 1.3 6.3 12.5 Mar 12.7 1.1 10.0 14.4 Apr 18.3 1.1 15.6 20.3 May 22.8 1.0 21.2 24.7 Jun 25.2 1.3 23.1 27.9 Jul 28.8 1.6 25.2 31.9 Aug 30.9 1.3 26.6 33.0 Sep 26.7 1.3 24.4 29.8 Oct 21.2 .9 18.9 23.0 Nov 16.6 1.1 13.9 19.0 Dec 12.1 .9 10.6 13.9 Annual 19.5 .5 18.7 20.7 Ann-NCDC 19.5 NA NA NA ------------------------------------------ Element 03: Minimum Dry Bulb Temperature (deg C) MEAN (Statistic 01): Mean Value STD_DEV (Statistic 03): Standard Deviation of Mean Value MIN_MLY (Statistic 20): Minimum Monthly Value MAX_MLY (Statistic 26): Maximum Monthly Value ------------------------------------------ byr: 1961 1961 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 1990 1990 Statistic: MEAN STD_DEV MIN_MLY MAX_MLY Month ------------------------------------------ Jan 1.2 1.4 -2.6 4.8 Feb 1.7 1.4 -.5 5.1 Mar 4.4 1.3 1.3 7.0 Apr 10.0 1.0 7.0 12.1 May 14.8 .9 13.4 16.8 Jun 18.6 1.2 16.7 21.3 Jul 22.3 1.1 20.1 24.9 Aug 24.0 1.1 20.7 25.7 Sep 20.2 1.1 18.2 22.5 Oct 14.2 1.0 12.5 16.3 Nov 8.9 1.3 6.7 11.4 Dec 3.9 1.3 1.7 6.9 Annual 12.0 .7 10.8 13.8 Ann-NCDC 12.0 NA NA NA ------------------------------------------ Element 06: Precipitation (mm) MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value MIN_MLY (Statistic 20): Minimum Monthly Value QUIN20% (Statistic 22): First Quintile QUIN40% (Statistic 23): Second Quintile QUIN60% (Statistic 24): Third Quintile QUIN80% (Statistic 25): Fourth Quintile MAX_MLY (Statistic 26): Maximum Monthly Value ------------------------------------------------------------------ byr: 1961 1961 1961 1961 1961 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 Statistic: MEANMLY MIN_MLY QUIN20% QUIN40% QUIN60% QUIN80% MAX_MLY Month ------------------------------------------------------------------ Jan 45.1 .2 17.2 30.7 39.7 63.2 144.6 Feb 60.4 10.5 27.2 40.7 51.2 103.5 142.0 Mar 99.5 10.0 68.2 93.0 103.2 119.5 188.0 Apr 125.0 42.5 91.0 110.0 133.8 163.7 201.5 May 138.0 49.3 87.0 107.7 146.2 190.8 400.0 Jun 185.2 63.0 106.7 156.2 200.0 222.0 510.2 Jul 126.1 29.5 73.7 102.0 140.7 163.8 301.0 Aug 147.5 20.5 47.7 107.6 163.7 234.0 382.2 Sep 179.8 4.9 107.7 147.6 204.2 249.0 371.5 Oct 164.1 43.5 83.2 133.2 157.2 248.0 343.5 Nov 89.1 19.5 40.2 57.4 92.0 134.7 245.0 Dec 45.7 .0 11.5 31.9 42.0 61.6 188.0 Annual 1405.3 879.5 1144.8 1446.0 1514.0 1576.5 1937.5 Ann-NCDC 1405.5 NA NA NA NA NA NA ------------------------------------------------------------------ Element 09: Snowfall (cm) MNDLYMX (Statistic 09): Mean Daily Maximum Value MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value MIN_MLY (Statistic 20): Minimum Monthly Value MAX_MLY (Statistic 26): Maximum Monthly Value ------------------------------------------ byr: 1961 1961 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 1990 1990 Statistic: MNDLYMX MEANMLY MIN_MLY MAX_MLY Month ------------------------------------------ Jan 3 5 * 57 Feb 4 6 0 31 Mar 2 3 0 54 Apr * * 0 9 May 0 0 0 0 Jun 0 0 0 0 Jul 0 0 0 0 Aug 0 0 0 0 Sep 0 0 0 0 Oct 0 0 0 0 Nov * * 0 * Dec * * 0 5 Annual 8 15 * 92 Ann-NCDC NA 14.0 NA NA ------------------------------------------ Element 10: Snow Depth (cm) MAX_VAL (Statistic 04): Maximum Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan 3 Feb 5 Mar 2 Apr * May 0 Jun 0 Jul 0 Aug 0 Sep 0 Oct 0 Nov 0 Dec * Annual 8 Ann-NCDC NA ------------------ Element 11: Relative Humidity (%) MEAN (Statistic 01): Mean Value STD_DEV (Statistic 03): Standard Deviation of Mean Value MN03LST (Statistic 73): Mean of Observations at 0300 LST MN09LST (Statistic 79): Mean of Observations at 0900 LST MN15LST (Statistic 85): Mean of Observations at 1500 LST MN21LST (Statistic 91): Mean of Observations at 2100 LST ---------------------------------------------------------- byr: 1961 1961 1961 1961 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 Statistic: MEAN STD_DEV MN03LST MN09LST MN15LST MN21LST Month ---------------------------------------------------------- Jan 50 5 57 52 40 52 Feb 52 5 59 52 44 55 Mar 56 5 63 55 48 59 Apr 63 4 71 60 54 67 May 66 4 76 63 56 69 Jun 73 3 82 71 63 76 Jul 76 3 84 74 66 78 Aug 73 4 82 71 62 76 Sep 73 3 81 72 63 76 Oct 67 4 75 66 57 69 Nov 61 4 68 60 51 64 Dec 54 5 61 55 44 56 Annual 64 2 72 63 54 67 Ann-NCDC 63.7 NA 71.6 62.6 54.0 66.4 ---------------------------------------------------------- Element 12: Sea Level Pressure (hPa) MEAN (Statistic 01): Mean Value STD_DEV (Statistic 03): Standard Deviation of Mean Value -------------------------- byr: 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 Statistic: MEAN STD_DEV Month -------------------------- Jan 1015.1 3.1 Feb 1015.7 2.3 Mar 1015.3 1.8 Apr 1015.7 2.1 May 1012.1 1.3 Jun 1009.6 1.5 Jul 1009.1 1.5 Aug 1009.5 1.6 Sep 1012.9 1.2 Oct 1016.8 1.4 Nov 1018.2 1.8 Dec 1016.8 2.1 Annual 1013.9 .5 Ann-NCDC 1013.9 NA -------------------------- Element 13: Station Pressure (hPa) MEAN (Statistic 01): Mean Value STD_DEV (Statistic 03): Standard Deviation of Mean Value -------------------------- byr: 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 Statistic: MEAN STD_DEV Month -------------------------- Jan 1010.7 3.0 Feb 1011.3 2.3 Mar 1010.9 1.8 Apr 1011.4 2.1 May 1007.9 1.2 Jun 1005.4 1.5 Jul 1005.0 1.5 Aug 1005.4 1.6 Sep 1008.7 1.2 Oct 1012.5 1.4 Nov 1013.9 1.8 Dec 1012.4 2.1 Annual 1009.6 .5 Ann-NCDC 1009.6 NA -------------------------- Element 14: Vapor Pressure (hPa) MEAN (Statistic 01): Mean Value STD_DEV (Statistic 03): Standard Deviation of Mean Value -------------------------- byr: 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 Statistic: MEAN STD_DEV Month -------------------------- Jan 4.5 .7 Feb 4.9 .9 Mar 6.4 .7 Apr 10.3 1.0 May 14.1 1.0 Jun 18.9 1.2 Jul 24.2 1.5 Aug 25.9 1.3 Sep 20.8 1.3 Oct 13.6 1.0 Nov 9.2 1.0 Dec 5.8 .7 Annual 13.2 .4 Ann-NCDC 13.2 NA -------------------------- Element 15: Sunshine %OFPOSS (Statistic 37): Percent of Possible MN_#HRS (Statistic 44): Mean Number of Hours -------------------------- byr: 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 Statistic: %OFPOSS MN_#HRS Month -------------------------- Jan 57.0 175.0 Feb 49.0 150.4 Mar 45.0 165.1 Apr 41.0 160.6 May 42.0 182.3 Jun 28.0 122.6 Jul 31.0 137.0 Aug 43.0 177.4 Sep 30.0 110.2 Oct 37.0 128.7 Nov 44.0 136.5 Dec 55.0 165.6 Annual 41.0 1811.3 Ann-NCDC NA 1811.4 -------------------------- Element 16: Wind Speed (m/sec) MEAN (Statistic 01): Mean Value ------------------ byr: 1975 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan 3.4 Feb 3.6 Mar 3.8 Apr 3.7 May 3.4 Jun 3.3 Jul 3.0 Aug 3.3 Sep 3.2 Oct 3.2 Nov 3.2 Dec 3.2 Annual 3.4 Ann-NCDC 3.4 ------------------ Element 17: Wind Direction (degrees) Statistic 38: Frequency Qualifier: 022.5 degrees Qualifier: 045.0 degrees Qualifier: 067.5 degrees Qualifier: 090.0 degrees Qualifier: 112.5 degrees Qualifier: 135.0 degrees Qualifier: 157.5 degrees Qualifier: 180.0 degrees Qualifier: 202.5 degrees ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- byr: 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 eyr: 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 Qualifier: 022.5 045.0 067.5 090.0 112.5 135.0 157.5 180.0 202.5 Month ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Jan .070 .040 .030 .020 .010 .010 .020 .020 .020 Feb .080 .040 .040 .030 .020 .020 .020 .030 .020 Mar .070 .060 .060 .030 .030 .040 .030 .050 .040 Apr .070 .060 .060 .050 .040 .050 .050 .110 .090 May .060 .060 .070 .040 .040 .050 .050 .170 .100 Jun .080 .080 .090 .060 .040 .060 .060 .150 .100 Jul .070 .080 .090 .060 .050 .060 .060 .170 .090 Aug .060 .060 .080 .050 .040 .050 .060 .170 .120 Sep .100 .090 .080 .050 .030 .040 .040 .090 .060 Oct .090 .060 .060 .040 .020 .030 .020 .040 .030 Nov .080 .060 .050 .030 .020 .020 .020 .030 .030 Dec .070 .040 .030 .020 .020 .010 .010 .020 .030 Annual .070 .060 .060 .040 .030 .040 .040 .090 .060 Ann-NCDC NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Element 17: Wind Direction (degrees) Statistic 38: Frequency Qualifier: 225.0 degrees Qualifier: 247.5 degrees Qualifier: 270.0 degrees Qualifier: 292.5 degrees Qualifier: 315.0 degrees Qualifier: 337.5 degrees Qualifier: 360.0 degrees ------------------------------------------------------------------ byr: 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 eyr: 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 Qualifier: 225.0 247.5 270.0 292.5 315.0 337.5 360.0 Month ------------------------------------------------------------------ Jan .050 .020 .020 .020 .070 .370 .180 Feb .050 .020 .020 .020 .070 .350 .180 Mar .040 .020 .010 .010 .050 .290 .180 Apr .070 .020 .010 .010 .040 .140 .120 May .100 .020 .020 .010 .030 .100 .090 Jun .090 .020 .010 .010 .010 .060 .090 Jul .090 .020 .010 .010 .010 .050 .070 Aug .120 .030 .020 .010 .010 .050 .080 Sep .060 .010 .010 .010 .020 .130 .190 Oct .040 .010 .010 .010 .030 .260 .250 Nov .050 .020 .010 .010 .040 .310 .230 Dec .050 .020 .020 .020 .070 .370 .190 Annual .070 .020 .020 .010 .040 .210 .150 Ann-NCDC NA NA NA NA NA NA NA ------------------------------------------------------------------ Element 17: Wind Direction (degrees) PREVAIL (Statistic 41): Prevailing ------------------ byr: 1975 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan 337.5 Feb 337.5 Mar 337.5 Apr 337.5 May 180.0 Jun 180.0 Jul 180.0 Aug 180.0 Sep 360.0 Oct 337.5 Nov 337.5 Dec 337.5 Annual 337.5 Ann-NCDC NA ------------------ Element 20: Sky Cover (Cloud Cover) (okta) MEAN (Statistic 01): Mean Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan 3.3 Feb 4.2 Mar 4.8 Apr 5.4 May 5.6 Jun 6.6 Jul 6.2 Aug 5.4 Sep 6.2 Oct 5.4 Nov 4.5 Dec 3.2 Annual 5.0 Ann-NCDC 5.1 ------------------ Element 33: Global Solar Radiation (MJ/m2) MEANDLY (Statistic 06): Mean Daily Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan 8.5 Feb 9.9 Mar 11.7 Apr 14.3 May 16.0 Jun 13.6 Jul 13.9 Aug 14.6 Sep 10.4 Oct 9.4 Nov 7.6 Dec 7.4 Annual 11.4 Ann-NCDC NA ------------------ Element 51: Number Days with Thunder (count) MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan .1 Feb .1 Mar .3 Apr .7 May 1.0 Jun 1.3 Jul 2.0 Aug 2.5 Sep 1.4 Oct .2 Nov .3 Dec .1 Annual 10.0 Ann-NCDC 10.0 ------------------ Element 56: Number Days with Snowfall (count) MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan 2.8 Feb 3.8 Mar 2.8 Apr .3 May .0 Jun .0 Jul .0 Aug .0 Sep .0 Oct .0 Nov .1 Dec .8 Annual 10.6 Ann-NCDC 10.6 ------------------ Element 73: Number Days with no Sunshine (count) MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan 3.2 Feb 5.0 Mar 5.6 Apr 5.6 May 5.0 Jun 7.6 Jul 6.3 Aug 3.2 Sep 6.8 Oct 6.9 Nov 5.5 Dec 3.3 Annual 64.0 Ann-NCDC 64.0 ------------------ Element 83: Number Days Maximum Temperature GE Threshold (count) Statistic 15: Mean Monthly Value Qualifier: 25.0 deg C Qualifier: 30.0 deg C -------------------------- byr: 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 Qualifier: 25.0 30.0 Month -------------------------- Jan .0 .0 Feb .0 .0 Mar .0 .0 Apr .7 .0 May 7.9 .3 Jun 16.9 1.8 Jul 25.4 14.1 Aug 29.9 21.8 Sep 20.3 6.6 Oct 3.8 .1 Nov .3 .0 Dec .0 .0 Annual 105.0 44.7 Ann-NCDC 105.2 44.7 -------------------------- Element 86: Number Days Minimum Temperature GE Threshold (count) Qualifier: 25.0 deg C MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan .0 Feb .0 Mar .0 Apr .0 May .0 Jun .2 Jul 5.4 Aug 11.1 Sep 1.5 Oct .0 Nov .0 Dec .0 Annual 18.2 Ann-NCDC 18.2 ------------------ Element 87: Number Days Mean Temperature GE Threshold (count) Qualifier: 25.0 deg C MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan .0 Feb .0 Mar .0 Apr .0 May .0 Jun 2.5 Jul 17.8 Aug 26.0 Sep 9.1 Oct .1 Nov .0 Dec .0 Annual 55.6 Ann-NCDC 55.5 ------------------ Element 91: Number Days Maximum Temperature LT Threshold (count) Qualifier: 0.0 deg C MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan .0 Feb * Mar .0 Apr .0 May .0 Jun .0 Jul .0 Aug .0 Sep .0 Oct .0 Nov .0 Dec .0 Annual * Ann-NCDC * ------------------ Element 93: Number Days Minimum Temperature LT Threshold (count) Qualifier: 0.0 deg C MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan 9.7 Feb 7.0 Mar 1.1 Apr .0 May .0 Jun .0 Jul .0 Aug .0 Sep .0 Oct .0 Nov .0 Dec 1.7 Annual 19.5 Ann-NCDC 19.5 ------------------ Element 95: Number Days with Precipitation GE Threshold (count) Statistic 15: Mean Monthly Value Qualifier: 0.5 mm Qualifier: 1.0 mm Qualifier: 10.0 mm Qualifier: 30.0 mm Qualifier: 50.0 mm Qualifier: 70.0 mm Qualifier: 100.0 mm ------------------------------------------------------------------ byr: 1968 1961 1961 1961 1961 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 Qualifier: 0.5 1.0 10.0 30.0 50.0 70.0 100.0 Month ------------------------------------------------------------------ Jan 5.0 4.3 1.7 .3 .0 .0 .0 Feb 7.1 6.1 2.2 .3 .1 .0 .0 Mar 10.5 8.9 3.8 .6 .2 .1 .0 Apr 11.0 10.0 4.3 1.0 .3 * .0 May 10.4 9.6 4.7 1.2 .5 .1 * Jun 13.5 12.1 5.3 1.8 .5 .1 .1 Jul 11.6 10.0 3.9 1.0 .4 .2 .1 Aug 9.9 8.2 3.4 1.4 .6 .4 .3 Sep 12.6 10.9 5.0 1.8 .7 .4 .1 Oct 10.0 8.9 4.8 1.6 .6 .2 .1 Nov 7.4 6.4 2.6 .8 .3 .1 * Dec 4.2 3.8 1.5 .3 .1 .1 .0 Annual 113.1 99.2 43.1 12.1 4.2 1.7 .7 Ann-NCDC 113.2 99.2 43.2 12.1 4.3 1.7 0.7 ------------------------------------------------------------------ Element BH: Number Days Mean Temperature LT Threshold (count) Qualifier: 0.0 deg C MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan * Feb .1 Mar .0 Apr .0 May .0 Jun .0 Jul .0 Aug .0 Sep .0 Oct .0 Nov .0 Dec .0 Annual .1 Ann-NCDC 0.1 ------------------ Element BJ: Number Days with Fog (count) MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan .3 Feb .5 Mar .5 Apr 1.1 May 1.2 Jun 1.4 Jul 1.9 Aug .8 Sep 1.4 Oct 1.2 Nov 1.1 Dec .6 Annual 11.9 Ann-NCDC 12.0 ------------------ Element BM: Number Days with Daily Maximum Wind Speed GE Threshold (count) Statistic 15: Mean Monthly Value Qualifier: 10.0 m/sec Qualifier: 15.0 m/sec Qualifier: 20.0 m/sec Qualifier: 30.0 m/sec ------------------------------------------ byr: 1975 1975 1975 1975 eyr: 1990 1990 1990 1990 Qualifier: 10.0 15.0 20.0 30.0 Month ------------------------------------------ Jan 3.2 .0 .0 .0 Feb 3.4 .1 .0 .0 Mar 5.3 .3 .0 .0 Apr 4.3 .2 .0 .0 May 2.4 .1 .0 .0 Jun 2.1 .1 .0 .0 Jul .8 .1 .0 .0 Aug 1.6 .2 .0 .0 Sep 1.2 .1 .0 .0 Oct 2.3 .1 .0 .0 Nov 2.2 .1 .0 .0 Dec 2.6 .1 .0 .0 Annual 31.1 1.3 .0 .0 Ann-NCDC 31.4 1.5 0.0 0.0 ------------------------------------------ Element BT: Number Days with Occurrence of Rain (count) MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value ------------------ byr: 1968 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan 9.3 Feb 12.0 Mar 17.3 Apr 16.5 May 16.7 Jun 19.9 Jul 19.3 Aug 16.9 Sep 20.0 Oct 17.4 Nov 13.2 Dec 10.1 Annual 188.6 Ann-NCDC 188.6 ------------------ Element BW: Number Days with Daily Maximum Snow Cover GE Threshold (count) Statistic 15: Mean Monthly Value Qualifier: 0.0 cm Qualifier: 5.0 cm Qualifier: 10.0 cm Qualifier: 20.0 cm Qualifier: 50.0 cm Qualifier: 100.0 cm ---------------------------------------------------------- byr: 1961 1961 1961 1961 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 Qualifier: 0.0 5.0 10.0 20.0 50.0 100.0 Month ---------------------------------------------------------- Jan 1.4 .5 .2 .1 .0 .0 Feb 2.5 .8 .4 .1 .0 .0 Mar 1.1 .3 .2 .1 .0 .0 Apr .1 * .0 .0 .0 .0 May .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Jun .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Jul .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Aug .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Sep .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Oct .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Nov .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Dec .2 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Annual 5.2 1.7 .8 .2 .0 .0 Ann-NCDC 5.3 1.6 0.8 0.3 0.0 0.0 ----------------------------------------------------------