Station Name: Hikone WMO Station Number: 47761 National I.D. Number: Country: JAPAN WMO Region: REGION II - ASIA Latitude: 35d 16m N Longitude: 136d 15m E Elevation: 87 m In the following tables, byr = beginning year of normals or extremes data period eyr = ending year of normals or extremes data period NA = Not Applicable, data not submitted or not computed * = value > 0 but < units resolution Ann-NCDC = annual value computed by NCDC from monthly values provided by Members ========================================================== The normals data and climate variable descriptions are presented in these tables as provided by the WMO Member country. ========================================================== Element 01: Dry Bulb Temperature (deg C) MEAN (Statistic 01): Mean Value STD_DEV (Statistic 03): Standard Deviation of Mean Value -------------------------- byr: 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 Statistic: MEAN STD_DEV Month -------------------------- Jan 3.1 1.3 Feb 3.4 1.4 Mar 6.1 1.0 Apr 11.9 1.0 May 16.8 .7 Jun 21.0 .9 Jul 25.2 1.0 Aug 26.6 .9 Sep 22.5 1.1 Oct 16.3 .8 Nov 10.8 1.0 Dec 5.7 1.1 Annual 14.1 .5 Ann-NCDC 14.1 NA -------------------------- Element 02: Maximum Dry Bulb Temperature (deg C) MEAN (Statistic 01): Mean Value STD_DEV (Statistic 03): Standard Deviation of Mean Value MIN_MLY (Statistic 20): Minimum Monthly Value MAX_MLY (Statistic 26): Maximum Monthly Value ------------------------------------------ byr: 1961 1961 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 1990 1990 Statistic: MEAN STD_DEV MIN_MLY MAX_MLY Month ------------------------------------------ Jan 6.5 1.4 3.9 9.3 Feb 6.8 1.5 4.2 10.1 Mar 10.4 1.1 7.0 12.1 Apr 17.0 1.1 13.8 19.7 May 22.0 .9 20.7 24.0 Jun 25.3 1.0 23.3 27.5 Jul 29.5 1.3 27.2 32.2 Aug 31.3 1.2 28.3 33.2 Sep 26.8 1.2 24.8 29.9 Oct 20.8 .9 19.4 22.9 Nov 15.1 1.0 12.7 17.1 Dec 9.5 1.1 7.5 11.7 Annual 18.4 .5 17.5 19.5 Ann-NCDC 18.4 NA NA NA ------------------------------------------ Element 03: Minimum Dry Bulb Temperature (deg C) MEAN (Statistic 01): Mean Value STD_DEV (Statistic 03): Standard Deviation of Mean Value MIN_MLY (Statistic 20): Minimum Monthly Value MAX_MLY (Statistic 26): Maximum Monthly Value ------------------------------------------ byr: 1961 1961 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 1990 1990 Statistic: MEAN STD_DEV MIN_MLY MAX_MLY Month ------------------------------------------ Jan .0 1.2 -2.4 2.6 Feb .3 1.3 -2.5 4.0 Mar 2.3 1.0 -.5 4.2 Apr 7.6 1.0 5.2 11.1 May 12.5 .8 11.0 14.7 Jun 17.4 .9 15.7 19.7 Jul 21.8 .8 19.8 23.1 Aug 22.9 .8 21.1 24.1 Sep 19.0 1.2 16.7 20.9 Oct 12.2 1.0 9.8 15.4 Nov 6.7 1.3 4.8 9.3 Dec 2.1 1.1 -.4 4.1 Annual 10.4 .6 9.3 11.9 Ann-NCDC 10.4 NA NA NA ------------------------------------------ Element 06: Precipitation (mm) MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value MIN_MLY (Statistic 20): Minimum Monthly Value QUIN20% (Statistic 22): First Quintile QUIN40% (Statistic 23): Second Quintile QUIN60% (Statistic 24): Third Quintile QUIN80% (Statistic 25): Fourth Quintile MAX_MLY (Statistic 26): Maximum Monthly Value ------------------------------------------------------------------ byr: 1961 1961 1961 1961 1961 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 Statistic: MEANMLY MIN_MLY QUIN20% QUIN40% QUIN60% QUIN80% MAX_MLY Month ------------------------------------------------------------------ Jan 101.9 39.0 74.2 87.7 109.0 131.1 183.4 Feb 103.2 49.5 67.5 100.5 110.2 130.7 178.0 Mar 122.3 26.1 90.9 119.2 135.0 149.2 213.1 Apr 144.5 52.0 115.5 132.2 155.0 169.0 268.5 May 143.6 65.5 105.1 119.0 148.0 179.7 282.7 Jun 230.8 77.5 150.0 183.5 242.0 304.1 481.6 Jul 215.6 55.0 104.5 181.7 222.8 331.5 441.0 Aug 121.8 1.9 41.4 72.7 126.7 197.0 305.5 Sep 193.5 60.9 92.4 132.2 211.7 273.0 455.3 Oct 114.2 46.5 57.2 83.2 122.5 164.0 313.2 Nov 81.3 8.0 50.0 65.2 88.7 105.0 195.0 Dec 80.9 31.0 48.4 69.7 86.7 101.0 175.8 Annual 1653.7 1221.5 1418.5 1587.8 1711.0 1862.1 2146.9 Ann-NCDC 1653.6 NA NA NA NA NA NA ------------------------------------------------------------------ Element 09: Snowfall (cm) MNDLYMX (Statistic 09): Mean Daily Maximum Value MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value MIN_MLY (Statistic 20): Minimum Monthly Value MAX_MLY (Statistic 26): Maximum Monthly Value ------------------------------------------ byr: 1961 1961 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 1990 1990 Statistic: MNDLYMX MEANMLY MIN_MLY MAX_MLY Month ------------------------------------------ Jan 21 59 * 168 Feb 18 52 1 187 Mar 7 15 * 154 Apr * * 0 * May 0 0 0 0 Jun 0 0 0 0 Jul 0 0 0 0 Aug 0 0 0 0 Sep 0 0 0 0 Oct 0 0 0 0 Nov * * 0 6 Dec 9 16 0 94 Annual 26 143 9 385 Ann-NCDC NA 142.0 NA NA ------------------------------------------ Element 10: Snow Depth (cm) MAX_VAL (Statistic 04): Maximum Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan 23 Feb 21 Mar 10 Apr * May 0 Jun 0 Jul 0 Aug 0 Sep 0 Oct 0 Nov * Dec 9 Annual 32 Ann-NCDC NA ------------------ Element 11: Relative Humidity (%) MEAN (Statistic 01): Mean Value STD_DEV (Statistic 03): Standard Deviation of Mean Value MN03LST (Statistic 73): Mean of Observations at 0300 LST MN09LST (Statistic 79): Mean of Observations at 0900 LST MN15LST (Statistic 85): Mean of Observations at 1500 LST MN21LST (Statistic 91): Mean of Observations at 2100 LST ---------------------------------------------------------- byr: 1961 1961 1961 1961 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 Statistic: MEAN STD_DEV MN03LST MN09LST MN15LST MN21LST Month ---------------------------------------------------------- Jan 75 3 80 77 67 76 Feb 75 3 81 76 67 76 Mar 73 3 81 74 62 74 Apr 73 3 83 73 59 75 May 73 3 85 74 59 75 Jun 77 3 87 78 66 79 Jul 79 3 88 79 68 80 Aug 75 3 86 75 63 77 Sep 77 2 86 76 65 79 Oct 75 2 85 74 62 76 Nov 75 2 83 75 63 76 Dec 76 3 81 78 66 77 Annual 75 1 84 76 64 77 Ann-NCDC 75.2 NA 83.8 75.8 63.9 76.7 ---------------------------------------------------------- Element 12: Sea Level Pressure (hPa) MEAN (Statistic 01): Mean Value STD_DEV (Statistic 03): Standard Deviation of Mean Value -------------------------- byr: 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 Statistic: MEAN STD_DEV Month -------------------------- Jan 1018.7 2.5 Feb 1018.8 1.9 Mar 1017.7 1.5 Apr 1016.6 1.6 May 1012.8 1.1 Jun 1009.4 1.3 Jul 1008.9 1.2 Aug 1009.3 1.6 Sep 1012.7 1.1 Oct 1017.4 1.2 Nov 1020.1 1.4 Dec 1020.0 1.8 Annual 1015.2 .4 Ann-NCDC 1015.2 NA -------------------------- Element 13: Station Pressure (hPa) MEAN (Statistic 01): Mean Value STD_DEV (Statistic 03): Standard Deviation of Mean Value -------------------------- byr: 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 Statistic: MEAN STD_DEV Month -------------------------- Jan 1007.7 2.5 Feb 1007.8 1.9 Mar 1006.8 1.5 Apr 1006.0 1.6 May 1002.4 1.1 Jun 999.2 1.3 Jul 998.9 1.2 Aug 999.3 1.6 Sep 1002.5 1.1 Oct 1007.0 1.2 Nov 1009.4 1.3 Dec 1008.8 2.4 Annual 1004.7 .5 Ann-NCDC 1004.6 NA -------------------------- Element 14: Vapor Pressure (hPa) MEAN (Statistic 01): Mean Value STD_DEV (Statistic 03): Standard Deviation of Mean Value -------------------------- byr: 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 Statistic: MEAN STD_DEV Month -------------------------- Jan 5.8 .6 Feb 6.0 .7 Mar 7.0 .5 Apr 10.4 1.0 May 14.1 .8 Jun 19.3 1.1 Jul 25.4 1.3 Aug 26.3 1.2 Sep 21.2 1.4 Oct 14.2 1.0 Nov 10.0 .8 Dec 7.1 .7 Annual 13.9 .4 Ann-NCDC 13.9 NA -------------------------- Element 15: Sunshine %OFPOSS (Statistic 37): Percent of Possible MN_#HRS (Statistic 44): Mean Number of Hours -------------------------- byr: 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 Statistic: %OFPOSS MN_#HRS Month -------------------------- Jan 32.0 99.4 Feb 35.0 105.7 Mar 42.0 156.3 Apr 44.0 172.2 May 47.0 202.5 Jun 36.0 154.0 Jul 40.0 174.5 Aug 50.0 206.9 Sep 41.0 151.0 Oct 46.0 162.8 Nov 43.0 131.1 Dec 36.0 108.3 Annual 41.0 1824.8 Ann-NCDC NA 1824.7 -------------------------- Element 16: Wind Speed (m/sec) MEAN (Statistic 01): Mean Value ------------------ byr: 1975 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan 3.2 Feb 3.3 Mar 3.0 Apr 2.5 May 2.2 Jun 2.0 Jul 1.9 Aug 2.1 Sep 2.3 Oct 2.5 Nov 2.6 Dec 2.9 Annual 2.5 Ann-NCDC 2.5 ------------------ Element 17: Wind Direction (degrees) Statistic 38: Frequency Qualifier: 022.5 degrees Qualifier: 045.0 degrees Qualifier: 067.5 degrees Qualifier: 090.0 degrees Qualifier: 112.5 degrees Qualifier: 135.0 degrees Qualifier: 157.5 degrees Qualifier: 180.0 degrees Qualifier: 202.5 degrees ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- byr: 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 eyr: 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 Qualifier: 022.5 045.0 067.5 090.0 112.5 135.0 157.5 180.0 202.5 Month ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Jan .030 .030 .010 .010 .020 .080 .150 .090 .050 Feb .030 .020 .010 .010 .020 .060 .100 .070 .030 Mar .040 .030 .010 .020 .020 .060 .070 .040 .020 Apr .040 .030 .020 .020 .050 .110 .070 .040 .030 May .040 .040 .020 .020 .050 .100 .070 .040 .030 Jun .060 .040 .020 .020 .060 .090 .090 .050 .030 Jul .050 .040 .020 .030 .040 .100 .110 .070 .050 Aug .030 .050 .020 .030 .050 .120 .130 .080 .030 Sep .040 .050 .030 .020 .050 .110 .110 .070 .030 Oct .040 .040 .020 .020 .030 .100 .110 .070 .030 Nov .030 .030 .020 .020 .030 .110 .140 .080 .040 Dec .020 .020 .010 .010 .030 .090 .180 .100 .050 Annual .040 .040 .020 .020 .040 .090 .110 .070 .030 Ann-NCDC NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Element 17: Wind Direction (degrees) Statistic 38: Frequency Qualifier: 225.0 degrees Qualifier: 247.5 degrees Qualifier: 270.0 degrees Qualifier: 292.5 degrees Qualifier: 315.0 degrees Qualifier: 337.5 degrees Qualifier: 360.0 degrees ------------------------------------------------------------------ byr: 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 eyr: 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 Qualifier: 225.0 247.5 270.0 292.5 315.0 337.5 360.0 Month ------------------------------------------------------------------ Jan .030 .020 .040 .150 .160 .100 .060 Feb .020 .010 .040 .140 .210 .150 .070 Mar .020 .010 .030 .120 .230 .170 .090 Apr .010 .010 .040 .130 .190 .140 .090 May .010 .010 .030 .130 .190 .120 .100 Jun .020 .010 .030 .120 .170 .100 .090 Jul .020 .010 .030 .110 .150 .090 .090 Aug .030 .010 .030 .110 .140 .080 .070 Sep .020 .010 .020 .090 .170 .110 .070 Oct .010 .010 .030 .080 .190 .140 .070 Nov .020 .010 .030 .110 .150 .110 .060 Dec .030 .020 .040 .120 .130 .100 .060 Annual .020 .010 .030 .120 .170 .120 .080 Ann-NCDC NA NA NA NA NA NA NA ------------------------------------------------------------------ Element 17: Wind Direction (degrees) PREVAIL (Statistic 41): Prevailing ------------------ byr: 1975 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan 315.0 Feb 315.0 Mar 315.0 Apr 315.0 May 315.0 Jun 315.0 Jul 315.0 Aug 315.0 Sep 315.0 Oct 315.0 Nov 315.0 Dec 157.5 Annual 315.0 Ann-NCDC NA ------------------ Element 20: Sky Cover (Cloud Cover) (okta) MEAN (Statistic 01): Mean Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan 6.1 Feb 6.1 Mar 5.7 Apr 5.6 May 5.7 Jun 6.5 Jul 6.1 Aug 5.3 Sep 5.9 Oct 5.0 Nov 5.1 Dec 5.5 Annual 5.7 Ann-NCDC 5.7 ------------------ Element 33: Global Solar Radiation (MJ/m2) MEANDLY (Statistic 06): Mean Daily Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan 7.0 Feb 9.2 Mar 12.5 Apr 15.8 May 17.9 Jun 16.2 Jul 16.8 Aug 17.2 Sep 13.2 Oct 11.3 Nov 8.2 Dec 6.7 Annual 12.7 Ann-NCDC NA ------------------ Element 51: Number Days with Thunder (count) MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan .2 Feb .1 Mar .3 Apr .6 May 1.0 Jun 1.9 Jul 4.5 Aug 4.3 Sep 2.4 Oct .5 Nov .4 Dec .4 Annual 16.6 Ann-NCDC 16.6 ------------------ Element 56: Number Days with Snowfall (count) MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan 13.3 Feb 13.0 Mar 6.4 Apr .3 May .0 Jun .0 Jul .0 Aug .0 Sep .0 Oct .0 Nov .6 Dec 5.3 Annual 38.9 Ann-NCDC 38.9 ------------------ Element 73: Number Days with no Sunshine (count) MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan 3.8 Feb 3.7 Mar 4.3 Apr 4.9 May 4.5 Jun 5.7 Jul 4.2 Aug 1.5 Sep 4.2 Oct 3.8 Nov 3.7 Dec 3.3 Annual 47.5 Ann-NCDC 47.6 ------------------ Element 83: Number Days Maximum Temperature GE Threshold (count) Statistic 15: Mean Monthly Value Qualifier: 25.0 deg C Qualifier: 30.0 deg C -------------------------- byr: 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 Qualifier: 25.0 30.0 Month -------------------------- Jan .0 .0 Feb .0 .0 Mar .0 .0 Apr .8 .0 May 7.0 .1 Jun 16.9 1.7 Jul 27.6 15.6 Aug 30.5 23.5 Sep 21.2 5.8 Oct 2.1 * Nov .0 .0 Dec .0 .0 Annual 106.1 46.8 Ann-NCDC 106.1 46.7 -------------------------- Element 86: Number Days Minimum Temperature GE Threshold (count) Qualifier: 25.0 deg C MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan .0 Feb .0 Mar .0 Apr .0 May .0 Jun .0 Jul 1.1 Aug 3.0 Sep .3 Oct .0 Nov .0 Dec .0 Annual 4.3 Ann-NCDC 4.4 ------------------ Element 87: Number Days Mean Temperature GE Threshold (count) Qualifier: 25.0 deg C MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan .0 Feb .0 Mar .0 Apr .0 May .0 Jun 1.5 Jul 17.4 Aug 26.4 Sep 5.9 Oct .0 Nov .0 Dec .0 Annual 51.1 Ann-NCDC 51.2 ------------------ Element 91: Number Days Maximum Temperature LT Threshold (count) Qualifier: 0.0 deg C MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan .1 Feb .1 Mar * Apr .0 May .0 Jun .0 Jul .0 Aug .0 Sep .0 Oct .0 Nov .0 Dec * Annual .3 Ann-NCDC 0.2 ------------------ Element 93: Number Days Minimum Temperature LT Threshold (count) Qualifier: 0.0 deg C MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan 15.9 Feb 14.5 Mar 7.1 Apr .3 May .0 Jun .0 Jul .0 Aug .0 Sep .0 Oct .0 Nov .5 Dec 6.6 Annual 44.9 Ann-NCDC 44.9 ------------------ Element 95: Number Days with Precipitation GE Threshold (count) Statistic 15: Mean Monthly Value Qualifier: 0.5 mm Qualifier: 1.0 mm Qualifier: 10.0 mm Qualifier: 30.0 mm Qualifier: 50.0 mm Qualifier: 70.0 mm Qualifier: 100.0 mm ------------------------------------------------------------------ byr: 1968 1961 1961 1961 1961 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 Qualifier: 0.5 1.0 10.0 30.0 50.0 70.0 100.0 Month ------------------------------------------------------------------ Jan 15.6 13.3 3.8 .2 .0 .0 .0 Feb 15.3 12.7 3.7 .3 * .0 .0 Mar 15.3 12.6 4.7 .7 * .0 .0 Apr 12.5 11.4 5.8 .9 .1 * .0 May 11.0 10.2 5.0 1.1 .4 .1 .0 Jun 13.6 12.5 6.5 2.7 1.2 .5 * Jul 13.6 12.1 6.4 2.4 1.1 .4 .1 Aug 10.2 8.7 3.4 1.0 .4 .3 .1 Sep 12.7 11.0 5.2 1.9 .8 .4 .2 Oct 10.6 9.3 3.9 .8 .4 .1 .0 Nov 11.4 9.2 2.5 .4 .1 .1 .0 Dec 14.0 11.4 3.0 .1 * .0 .0 Annual 155.6 134.2 53.8 12.4 4.5 1.9 .5 Ann-NCDC 155.8 134.4 53.9 12.5 4.5 1.9 0.4 ------------------------------------------------------------------ Element BH: Number Days Mean Temperature LT Threshold (count) Qualifier: 0.0 deg C MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan 2.3 Feb 2.0 Mar .2 Apr .0 May .0 Jun .0 Jul .0 Aug .0 Sep .0 Oct .0 Nov .0 Dec .3 Annual 4.8 Ann-NCDC 4.8 ------------------ Element BJ: Number Days with Fog (count) MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan .7 Feb .5 Mar 1.1 Apr 1.0 May .7 Jun .3 Jul .2 Aug * Sep * Oct .3 Nov 1.1 Dec 1.1 Annual 7.2 Ann-NCDC 7.0 ------------------ Element BM: Number Days with Daily Maximum Wind Speed GE Threshold (count) Statistic 15: Mean Monthly Value Qualifier: 10.0 m/sec Qualifier: 15.0 m/sec Qualifier: 20.0 m/sec Qualifier: 30.0 m/sec ------------------------------------------ byr: 1975 1975 1975 1975 eyr: 1990 1990 1990 1990 Qualifier: 10.0 15.0 20.0 30.0 Month ------------------------------------------ Jan 3.5 .0 .0 .0 Feb 4.1 .0 .0 .0 Mar 3.6 .0 .0 .0 Apr 1.6 .0 .0 .0 May .8 .0 .0 .0 Jun .0 .0 .0 .0 Jul .1 .0 .0 .0 Aug .7 .0 .0 .0 Sep .7 .1 .0 .0 Oct 1.9 .1 .1 .0 Nov 2.3 .0 .0 .0 Dec 3.2 .0 .0 .0 Annual 22.4 .2 .1 .0 Ann-NCDC 22.5 0.2 0.1 0.0 ------------------------------------------ Element BT: Number Days with Occurrence of Rain (count) MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value ------------------ byr: 1968 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan 23.4 Feb 22.3 Mar 21.7 Apr 16.4 May 15.3 Jun 18.1 Jul 18.1 Aug 16.4 Sep 18.1 Oct 15.8 Nov 17.5 Dec 21.5 Annual 224.7 Ann-NCDC 224.6 ------------------ Element BW: Number Days with Daily Maximum Snow Cover GE Threshold (count) Statistic 15: Mean Monthly Value Qualifier: 0.0 cm Qualifier: 5.0 cm Qualifier: 10.0 cm Qualifier: 20.0 cm Qualifier: 50.0 cm Qualifier: 100.0 cm ---------------------------------------------------------- byr: 1961 1961 1961 1961 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 Qualifier: 0.0 5.0 10.0 20.0 50.0 100.0 Month ---------------------------------------------------------- Jan 12.2 7.5 5.1 2.8 .2 .0 Feb 11.4 6.5 4.0 1.7 .2 .0 Mar 3.6 1.6 1.0 .4 * .0 Apr .1 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 May .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Jun .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Jul .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Aug .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Sep .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Oct .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Nov .1 * .0 .0 .0 .0 Dec 3.7 1.8 1.1 .5 .0 .0 Annual 31.0 17.5 11.2 5.5 .4 .0 Ann-NCDC 31.1 17.4 11.2 5.4 0.4 0.0 ----------------------------------------------------------