Station Name: Kumamoto WMO Station Number: 47819 National I.D. Number: Country: JAPAN WMO Region: REGION II - ASIA Latitude: 32d 49m N Longitude: 130d 43m E Elevation: 38 m In the following tables, byr = beginning year of normals or extremes data period eyr = ending year of normals or extremes data period NA = Not Applicable, data not submitted or not computed * = value > 0 but < units resolution Ann-NCDC = annual value computed by NCDC from monthly values provided by Members ========================================================== The normals data and climate variable descriptions are presented in these tables as provided by the WMO Member country. ========================================================== Element 01: Dry Bulb Temperature (deg C) MEAN (Statistic 01): Mean Value STD_DEV (Statistic 03): Standard Deviation of Mean Value -------------------------- byr: 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 Statistic: MEAN STD_DEV Month -------------------------- Jan 4.9 1.6 Feb 6.1 1.7 Mar 9.6 1.1 Apr 15.4 1.1 May 19.5 .7 Jun 22.9 .8 Jul 26.9 .8 Aug 27.6 .8 Sep 24.0 1.3 Oct 18.1 1.1 Nov 12.3 1.2 Dec 7.0 1.2 Annual 16.2 .5 Ann-NCDC 16.2 NA -------------------------- Element 02: Maximum Dry Bulb Temperature (deg C) MEAN (Statistic 01): Mean Value STD_DEV (Statistic 03): Standard Deviation of Mean Value MIN_MLY (Statistic 20): Minimum Monthly Value MAX_MLY (Statistic 26): Maximum Monthly Value ------------------------------------------ byr: 1961 1961 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 1990 1990 Statistic: MEAN STD_DEV MIN_MLY MAX_MLY Month ------------------------------------------ Jan 9.9 1.7 6.2 13.2 Feb 11.2 1.7 7.6 14.8 Mar 15.2 1.1 11.8 17.1 Apr 21.0 1.0 19.5 24.4 May 25.1 .7 23.8 26.8 Jun 27.6 1.1 24.8 30.1 Jul 31.2 1.1 29.2 33.5 Aug 32.6 1.1 29.6 34.7 Sep 29.1 1.4 26.7 31.9 Oct 24.0 1.0 22.0 26.2 Nov 18.1 1.2 15.6 20.6 Dec 12.4 1.5 9.0 14.5 Annual 21.5 .5 20.5 22.6 Ann-NCDC 21.4 NA NA NA ------------------------------------------ Element 03: Minimum Dry Bulb Temperature (deg C) MEAN (Statistic 01): Mean Value STD_DEV (Statistic 03): Standard Deviation of Mean Value MIN_MLY (Statistic 20): Minimum Monthly Value MAX_MLY (Statistic 26): Maximum Monthly Value ------------------------------------------ byr: 1961 1961 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 1990 1990 Statistic: MEAN STD_DEV MIN_MLY MAX_MLY Month ------------------------------------------ Jan .2 1.7 -2.2 4.1 Feb 1.2 1.9 -2.4 6.6 Mar 4.1 1.4 .6 6.5 Apr 9.9 1.4 7.9 15.7 May 14.3 1.2 12.4 18.0 Jun 18.9 1.0 16.8 20.8 Jul 23.4 .7 21.9 24.7 Aug 23.7 .7 22.5 24.8 Sep 19.8 1.5 16.5 22.4 Oct 12.9 1.4 10.2 16.0 Nov 7.0 1.5 4.5 10.5 Dec 2.0 1.2 -1.0 4.9 Annual 11.5 .6 10.2 12.9 Ann-NCDC 11.4 NA NA NA ------------------------------------------ Element 06: Precipitation (mm) MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value MIN_MLY (Statistic 20): Minimum Monthly Value QUIN20% (Statistic 22): First Quintile QUIN40% (Statistic 23): Second Quintile QUIN60% (Statistic 24): Third Quintile QUIN80% (Statistic 25): Fourth Quintile MAX_MLY (Statistic 26): Maximum Monthly Value ------------------------------------------------------------------ byr: 1961 1961 1961 1961 1961 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 Statistic: MEANMLY MIN_MLY QUIN20% QUIN40% QUIN60% QUIN80% MAX_MLY Month ------------------------------------------------------------------ Jan 59.9 9.5 27.5 40.7 64.7 90.0 171.5 Feb 78.2 28.0 46.0 58.6 76.0 101.5 200.5 Mar 121.7 41.0 66.0 105.7 130.8 163.0 236.0 Apr 159.8 35.5 115.0 134.7 160.2 200.2 391.5 May 202.6 62.0 119.1 168.3 208.7 256.7 553.0 Jun 392.8 79.0 237.7 354.9 439.7 546.0 860.5 Jul 392.7 71.0 204.5 256.7 339.2 600.5 1263.0 Aug 189.6 9.0 61.0 116.5 173.5 258.5 879.0 Sep 157.8 4.5 89.3 118.2 162.0 234.2 454.0 Oct 89.9 24.0 44.2 72.3 96.9 134.9 200.0 Nov 73.7 4.5 26.2 74.5 87.7 101.0 156.0 Dec 49.1 11.5 26.4 39.0 55.0 71.6 103.5 Annual 1967.7 1129.0 1660.4 1804.0 2089.5 2309.9 2848.2 Ann-NCDC 1967.8 NA NA NA NA NA NA ------------------------------------------------------------------ Element 09: Snowfall (cm) MNDLYMX (Statistic 09): Mean Daily Maximum Value MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value MIN_MLY (Statistic 20): Minimum Monthly Value MAX_MLY (Statistic 26): Maximum Monthly Value ------------------------------------------ byr: 1961 1961 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 1990 1990 Statistic: MNDLYMX MEANMLY MIN_MLY MAX_MLY Month ------------------------------------------ Jan 1 2 * 20 Feb 1 1 0 9 Mar * * 0 5 Apr * * 0 * May 0 0 0 0 Jun 0 0 0 0 Jul 0 0 0 0 Aug 0 0 0 0 Sep 0 0 0 0 Oct 0 0 0 0 Nov * * 0 * Dec * * 0 4 Annual 2 4 * 22 Ann-NCDC NA 3.0 NA NA ------------------------------------------ Element 10: Snow Depth (cm) MAX_VAL (Statistic 04): Maximum Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan 1 Feb 1 Mar * Apr * May 0 Jun 0 Jul 0 Aug 0 Sep 0 Oct 0 Nov 0 Dec * Annual 2 Ann-NCDC NA ------------------ Element 11: Relative Humidity (%) MEAN (Statistic 01): Mean Value STD_DEV (Statistic 03): Standard Deviation of Mean Value MN03LST (Statistic 73): Mean of Observations at 0300 LST MN09LST (Statistic 79): Mean of Observations at 0900 LST MN15LST (Statistic 85): Mean of Observations at 1500 LST MN21LST (Statistic 91): Mean of Observations at 2100 LST ---------------------------------------------------------- byr: 1961 1961 1961 1961 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 Statistic: MEAN STD_DEV MN03LST MN09LST MN15LST MN21LST Month ---------------------------------------------------------- Jan 72 3 81 79 54 72 Feb 70 3 81 76 53 70 Mar 68 4 81 72 51 68 Apr 69 4 84 70 53 71 May 71 4 85 70 54 72 Jun 77 4 88 77 63 79 Jul 79 3 89 78 66 81 Aug 75 4 87 75 61 79 Sep 75 3 87 76 60 78 Oct 72 2 85 73 53 75 Nov 74 3 86 77 54 77 Dec 74 3 84 80 55 76 Annual 73 1 85 75 56 75 Ann-NCDC 73.0 NA 84.8 75.3 56.4 74.8 ---------------------------------------------------------- Element 12: Sea Level Pressure (hPa) MEAN (Statistic 01): Mean Value STD_DEV (Statistic 03): Standard Deviation of Mean Value -------------------------- byr: 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 Statistic: MEAN STD_DEV Month -------------------------- Jan 1021.7 1.8 Feb 1020.7 1.9 Mar 1018.3 1.3 Apr 1015.6 1.2 May 1011.8 1.0 Jun 1008.4 1.4 Jul 1008.2 1.4 Aug 1008.0 1.8 Sep 1011.7 1.0 Oct 1017.1 1.1 Nov 1021.0 1.0 Dec 1022.4 1.3 Annual 1015.4 .4 Ann-NCDC 1015.4 NA -------------------------- Element 13: Station Pressure (hPa) MEAN (Statistic 01): Mean Value STD_DEV (Statistic 03): Standard Deviation of Mean Value -------------------------- byr: 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 Statistic: MEAN STD_DEV Month -------------------------- Jan 1016.8 1.8 Feb 1015.8 1.9 Mar 1013.5 1.3 Apr 1011.0 1.2 May 1007.2 1.1 Jun 1003.9 1.4 Jul 1003.8 1.4 Aug 1003.6 1.8 Sep 1007.2 1.0 Oct 1012.5 1.0 Nov 1016.3 .9 Dec 1017.5 1.3 Annual 1010.8 .4 Ann-NCDC 1010.8 NA -------------------------- Element 14: Vapor Pressure (hPa) MEAN (Statistic 01): Mean Value STD_DEV (Statistic 03): Standard Deviation of Mean Value -------------------------- byr: 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 Statistic: MEAN STD_DEV Month -------------------------- Jan 6.3 1.0 Feb 6.8 1.0 Mar 8.4 .9 Apr 12.3 1.5 May 16.0 1.4 Jun 21.4 1.4 Jul 27.6 1.1 Aug 27.6 1.0 Sep 22.5 2.0 Oct 15.1 1.2 Nov 10.8 1.1 Dec 7.5 .8 Annual 15.2 .5 Ann-NCDC 15.2 NA -------------------------- Element 15: Sunshine %OFPOSS (Statistic 37): Percent of Possible MN_#HRS (Statistic 44): Mean Number of Hours -------------------------- byr: 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 Statistic: %OFPOSS MN_#HRS Month -------------------------- Jan 40.0 126.2 Feb 41.0 127.3 Mar 45.0 164.8 Apr 43.0 166.6 May 43.0 184.1 Jun 34.0 143.8 Jul 43.0 186.4 Aug 51.0 211.1 Sep 46.0 169.9 Oct 53.0 185.1 Nov 49.0 152.6 Dec 44.0 135.4 Annual 44.0 1953.3 Ann-NCDC NA 1953.3 -------------------------- Element 16: Wind Speed (m/sec) MEAN (Statistic 01): Mean Value ------------------ byr: 1975 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan 1.8 Feb 2.0 Mar 2.1 Apr 2.1 May 1.9 Jun 2.0 Jul 2.2 Aug 2.0 Sep 1.8 Oct 1.8 Nov 1.7 Dec 1.7 Annual 1.9 Ann-NCDC 1.9 ------------------ Element 17: Wind Direction (degrees) Statistic 38: Frequency Qualifier: 022.5 degrees Qualifier: 045.0 degrees Qualifier: 067.5 degrees Qualifier: 090.0 degrees Qualifier: 112.5 degrees Qualifier: 135.0 degrees Qualifier: 157.5 degrees Qualifier: 180.0 degrees Qualifier: 202.5 degrees ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- byr: 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 eyr: 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 Qualifier: 022.5 045.0 067.5 090.0 112.5 135.0 157.5 180.0 202.5 Month ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Jan .110 .080 .050 .040 .030 .020 .020 .020 .020 Feb .100 .080 .050 .030 .030 .020 .020 .020 .030 Mar .090 .070 .060 .040 .030 .020 .020 .030 .030 Apr .070 .060 .040 .040 .040 .030 .030 .040 .050 May .060 .050 .050 .040 .030 .030 .030 .040 .060 Jun .050 .050 .040 .040 .030 .030 .040 .060 .090 Jul .030 .030 .040 .040 .030 .020 .050 .080 .120 Aug .050 .070 .060 .050 .040 .020 .040 .050 .060 Sep .090 .090 .070 .030 .020 .020 .020 .030 .040 Oct .120 .110 .070 .030 .020 .010 .010 .010 .020 Nov .130 .100 .060 .040 .030 .010 .020 .020 .020 Dec .140 .100 .060 .040 .020 .020 .020 .020 .010 Annual .090 .080 .050 .040 .030 .020 .030 .040 .050 Ann-NCDC NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Element 17: Wind Direction (degrees) Statistic 38: Frequency Qualifier: 225.0 degrees Qualifier: 247.5 degrees Qualifier: 270.0 degrees Qualifier: 292.5 degrees Qualifier: 315.0 degrees Qualifier: 337.5 degrees Qualifier: 360.0 degrees ------------------------------------------------------------------ byr: 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 eyr: 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 Qualifier: 225.0 247.5 270.0 292.5 315.0 337.5 360.0 Month ------------------------------------------------------------------ Jan .020 .030 .050 .080 .160 .160 .130 Feb .040 .040 .050 .090 .130 .160 .120 Mar .060 .060 .050 .080 .100 .150 .120 Apr .110 .080 .060 .060 .080 .120 .100 May .130 .100 .050 .040 .080 .100 .100 Jun .160 .120 .050 .030 .060 .090 .070 Jul .200 .160 .050 .020 .050 .050 .040 Aug .120 .110 .050 .040 .070 .080 .080 Sep .070 .070 .030 .040 .090 .160 .130 Oct .030 .030 .040 .050 .100 .170 .160 Nov .030 .020 .030 .060 .130 .150 .150 Dec .020 .030 .040 .070 .140 .130 .130 Annual .080 .070 .040 .060 .100 .130 .110 Ann-NCDC NA NA NA NA NA NA NA ------------------------------------------------------------------ Element 17: Wind Direction (degrees) PREVAIL (Statistic 41): Prevailing ------------------ byr: 1975 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan 315.0 Feb 337.5 Mar 337.5 Apr 337.5 May 225.0 Jun 225.0 Jul 225.0 Aug 225.0 Sep 337.5 Oct 337.5 Nov 337.5 Dec 22.5 Annual 337.5 Ann-NCDC NA ------------------ Element 20: Sky Cover (Cloud Cover) (okta) MEAN (Statistic 01): Mean Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan 5.0 Feb 5.0 Mar 5.0 Apr 5.4 May 5.5 Jun 6.4 Jul 5.9 Aug 5.0 Sep 5.2 Oct 4.2 Nov 4.1 Dec 4.6 Annual 5.1 Ann-NCDC 5.1 ------------------ Element 33: Global Solar Radiation (MJ/m2) MEANDLY (Statistic 06): Mean Daily Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan 8.0 Feb 10.1 Mar 12.8 Apr 15.7 May 17.0 Jun 15.2 Jul 17.1 Aug 17.4 Sep 14.3 Oct 12.8 Nov 9.3 Dec 7.9 Annual 13.1 Ann-NCDC NA ------------------ Element 51: Number Days with Thunder (count) MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan .3 Feb .3 Mar 1.1 Apr 1.2 May 1.2 Jun 2.1 Jul 5.4 Aug 5.6 Sep 2.7 Oct .6 Nov .6 Dec .4 Annual 21.6 Ann-NCDC 21.5 ------------------ Element 56: Number Days with Snowfall (count) MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan 6.0 Feb 4.5 Mar 1.5 Apr .1 May .0 Jun .0 Jul .0 Aug .0 Sep .0 Oct .0 Nov * Dec 2.6 Annual 14.7 Ann-NCDC 14.7 ------------------ Element 73: Number Days with no Sunshine (count) MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan 3.5 Feb 3.9 Mar 4.5 Apr 5.2 May 5.0 Jun 6.6 Jul 3.5 Aug 1.5 Sep 3.0 Oct 3.0 Nov 3.0 Dec 3.3 Annual 46.0 Ann-NCDC 46.0 ------------------ Element 83: Number Days Maximum Temperature GE Threshold (count) Statistic 15: Mean Monthly Value Qualifier: 25.0 deg C Qualifier: 30.0 deg C -------------------------- byr: 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 Qualifier: 25.0 30.0 Month -------------------------- Jan .0 .0 Feb .0 .0 Mar .1 .0 Apr 4.2 * May 17.4 1.4 Jun 23.8 7.0 Jul 30.0 22.0 Aug 31.0 26.7 Sep 26.8 12.5 Oct 13.3 .4 Nov .8 .0 Dec .0 .0 Annual 147.3 70.1 Ann-NCDC 147.4 70.0 -------------------------- Element 86: Number Days Minimum Temperature GE Threshold (count) Qualifier: 25.0 deg C MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan .0 Feb .0 Mar .0 Apr .0 May .0 Jun .2 Jul 6.2 Aug 6.1 Sep .4 Oct .0 Nov .0 Dec .0 Annual 12.9 Ann-NCDC 12.9 ------------------ Element 87: Number Days Mean Temperature GE Threshold (count) Qualifier: 25.0 deg C MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan .0 Feb .0 Mar .0 Apr .0 May .2 Jun 5.1 Jul 25.3 Aug 29.4 Sep 12.0 Oct .4 Nov .0 Dec .0 Annual 72.4 Ann-NCDC 72.4 ------------------ Element 91: Number Days Maximum Temperature LT Threshold (count) Qualifier: 0.0 deg C MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan .0 Feb * Mar .0 Apr .0 May .0 Jun .0 Jul .0 Aug .0 Sep .0 Oct .0 Nov .0 Dec .0 Annual * Ann-NCDC * ------------------ Element 93: Number Days Minimum Temperature LT Threshold (count) Qualifier: 0.0 deg C MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan 17.0 Feb 13.0 Mar 5.4 Apr .2 May .0 Jun .0 Jul .0 Aug .0 Sep .0 Oct .0 Nov 1.2 Dec 9.1 Annual 45.8 Ann-NCDC 45.9 ------------------ Element 95: Number Days with Precipitation GE Threshold (count) Statistic 15: Mean Monthly Value Qualifier: 0.5 mm Qualifier: 1.0 mm Qualifier: 10.0 mm Qualifier: 30.0 mm Qualifier: 50.0 mm Qualifier: 70.0 mm Qualifier: 100.0 mm ------------------------------------------------------------------ byr: 1968 1961 1961 1961 1961 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 Qualifier: 0.5 1.0 10.0 30.0 50.0 70.0 100.0 Month ------------------------------------------------------------------ Jan 7.8 7.0 2.2 .2 .0 .0 .0 Feb 9.3 8.1 2.6 .3 .1 .0 .0 Mar 12.0 9.9 4.5 .9 .1 .1 * Apr 11.3 10.7 5.5 1.4 .3 .1 .0 May 11.6 10.5 5.5 2.3 1.0 .4 .1 Jun 15.0 13.7 8.3 4.0 2.5 1.6 .7 Jul 13.8 12.5 7.1 3.9 2.5 1.6 1.0 Aug 10.5 9.5 4.6 2.0 .9 .6 .3 Sep 11.3 9.5 4.4 1.6 .7 .4 * Oct 7.6 6.4 2.8 .8 .3 .1 * Nov 7.4 6.8 2.4 .6 .1 .0 .0 Dec 8.0 6.5 1.9 .1 .0 .0 .0 Annual 125.7 111.1 51.8 18.0 8.5 4.8 2.2 Ann-NCDC 125.6 111.1 51.8 18.1 8.5 4.9 2.1 ------------------------------------------------------------------ Element BH: Number Days Mean Temperature LT Threshold (count) Qualifier: 0.0 deg C MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan 1.0 Feb .6 Mar .1 Apr .0 May .0 Jun .0 Jul .0 Aug .0 Sep .0 Oct .0 Nov .0 Dec .3 Annual 2.0 Ann-NCDC 2.0 ------------------ Element BJ: Number Days with Fog (count) MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan 1.7 Feb 1.8 Mar 1.4 Apr 1.9 May 1.3 Jun 1.0 Jul .6 Aug .5 Sep .9 Oct .9 Nov 2.2 Dec 2.0 Annual 16.2 Ann-NCDC 16.2 ------------------ Element BM: Number Days with Daily Maximum Wind Speed GE Threshold (count) Statistic 15: Mean Monthly Value Qualifier: 10.0 m/sec Qualifier: 15.0 m/sec Qualifier: 20.0 m/sec Qualifier: 30.0 m/sec ------------------------------------------ byr: 1975 1975 1975 1975 eyr: 1990 1990 1990 1990 Qualifier: 10.0 15.0 20.0 30.0 Month ------------------------------------------ Jan .2 .0 .0 .0 Feb .7 .0 .0 .0 Mar .7 .0 .0 .0 Apr .4 .0 .0 .0 May .3 .0 .0 .0 Jun .2 .0 .0 .0 Jul .3 .0 .0 .0 Aug .6 .1 .0 .0 Sep .3 .1 .0 .0 Oct .3 .0 .0 .0 Nov .1 .0 .0 .0 Dec .2 .0 .0 .0 Annual 4.2 .1 .0 .0 Ann-NCDC 4.3 0.2 0.0 0.0 ------------------------------------------ Element BT: Number Days with Occurrence of Rain (count) MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value ------------------ byr: 1968 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan 17.8 Feb 17.5 Mar 18.5 Apr 17.1 May 16.6 Jun 19.6 Jul 21.3 Aug 18.5 Sep 17.3 Oct 13.2 Nov 13.5 Dec 16.9 Annual 207.8 Ann-NCDC 207.8 ------------------ Element BW: Number Days with Daily Maximum Snow Cover GE Threshold (count) Statistic 15: Mean Monthly Value Qualifier: 0.0 cm Qualifier: 5.0 cm Qualifier: 10.0 cm Qualifier: 20.0 cm Qualifier: 50.0 cm Qualifier: 100.0 cm ---------------------------------------------------------- byr: 1961 1961 1961 1961 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 Qualifier: 0.0 5.0 10.0 20.0 50.0 100.0 Month ---------------------------------------------------------- Jan 2.0 .2 .1 .0 .0 .0 Feb 1.7 .1 .0 .0 .0 .0 Mar .2 * .0 .0 .0 .0 Apr * .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 May .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Jun .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Jul .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Aug .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Sep .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Oct .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Nov .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Dec .6 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Annual 4.5 .3 .1 .0 .0 .0 Ann-NCDC 4.5 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 ----------------------------------------------------------