Station Name: Miyazaki WMO Station Number: 47830 National I.D. Number: Country: JAPAN WMO Region: REGION II - ASIA Latitude: 31d 55m N Longitude: 131d 25m E Elevation: 6 m In the following tables, byr = beginning year of normals or extremes data period eyr = ending year of normals or extremes data period NA = Not Applicable, data not submitted or not computed * = value > 0 but < units resolution Ann-NCDC = annual value computed by NCDC from monthly values provided by Members ========================================================== The normals data and climate variable descriptions are presented in these tables as provided by the WMO Member country. ========================================================== Element 01: Dry Bulb Temperature (deg C) MEAN (Statistic 01): Mean Value STD_DEV (Statistic 03): Standard Deviation of Mean Value -------------------------- byr: 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 Statistic: MEAN STD_DEV Month -------------------------- Jan 6.8 1.6 Feb 8.0 1.5 Mar 11.1 1.1 Apr 16.0 1.0 May 19.6 .6 Jun 22.8 .8 Jul 26.9 .9 Aug 27.2 .5 Sep 24.1 1.0 Oct 18.9 1.0 Nov 13.8 1.1 Dec 8.7 1.1 Annual 17.0 .4 Ann-NCDC 17.0 NA -------------------------- Element 02: Maximum Dry Bulb Temperature (deg C) MEAN (Statistic 01): Mean Value STD_DEV (Statistic 03): Standard Deviation of Mean Value MIN_MLY (Statistic 20): Minimum Monthly Value MAX_MLY (Statistic 26): Maximum Monthly Value ------------------------------------------ byr: 1961 1961 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 1990 1990 Statistic: MEAN STD_DEV MIN_MLY MAX_MLY Month ------------------------------------------ Jan 12.5 1.3 9.8 15.5 Feb 13.3 1.3 10.8 15.7 Mar 16.2 1.0 13.5 18.0 Apr 20.7 .9 19.4 23.3 May 24.0 .7 22.9 25.8 Jun 26.7 .9 24.5 28.7 Jul 31.0 1.3 28.5 33.3 Aug 31.3 .7 30.1 33.0 Sep 28.4 1.1 26.3 30.3 Oct 24.0 .7 22.5 25.9 Nov 19.4 1.0 17.3 21.2 Dec 14.7 1.1 12.3 16.7 Annual 21.9 .3 21.2 22.6 Ann-NCDC 21.8 NA NA NA ------------------------------------------ Element 03: Minimum Dry Bulb Temperature (deg C) MEAN (Statistic 01): Mean Value STD_DEV (Statistic 03): Standard Deviation of Mean Value MIN_MLY (Statistic 20): Minimum Monthly Value MAX_MLY (Statistic 26): Maximum Monthly Value ------------------------------------------ byr: 1961 1961 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 1990 1990 Statistic: MEAN STD_DEV MIN_MLY MAX_MLY Month ------------------------------------------ Jan 1.8 1.7 -.3 5.4 Feb 3.1 1.8 -.6 7.6 Mar 6.1 1.4 3.1 8.9 Apr 11.4 1.3 9.4 16.4 May 15.3 1.0 13.7 18.7 Jun 19.4 .9 17.5 21.1 Jul 23.5 .8 21.7 24.7 Aug 23.8 .6 22.8 25.1 Sep 20.5 1.2 17.7 22.5 Oct 14.3 1.3 11.6 16.8 Nov 8.8 1.5 6.4 12.1 Dec 3.5 1.2 .4 6.0 Annual 12.6 .5 11.6 13.9 Ann-NCDC 12.6 NA NA NA ------------------------------------------ Element 06: Precipitation (mm) MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value MIN_MLY (Statistic 20): Minimum Monthly Value QUIN20% (Statistic 22): First Quintile QUIN40% (Statistic 23): Second Quintile QUIN60% (Statistic 24): Third Quintile QUIN80% (Statistic 25): Fourth Quintile MAX_MLY (Statistic 26): Maximum Monthly Value ------------------------------------------------------------------ byr: 1961 1961 1961 1961 1961 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 Statistic: MEANMLY MIN_MLY QUIN20% QUIN40% QUIN60% QUIN80% MAX_MLY Month ------------------------------------------------------------------ Jan 62.6 3.2 13.7 26.0 57.9 99.3 256.5 Feb 82.6 20.5 43.0 55.7 69.2 124.7 285.5 Mar 156.5 55.4 76.6 111.0 171.5 213.7 439.5 Apr 220.6 66.0 163.2 227.3 242.0 285.4 405.0 May 278.9 128.0 224.1 251.0 288.6 334.6 456.0 Jun 376.9 172.5 244.2 305.3 410.2 498.7 752.0 Jul 288.4 37.0 156.0 223.0 321.2 421.5 623.0 Aug 294.0 14.2 141.4 232.8 295.2 432.4 901.2 Sep 328.5 99.5 177.8 244.0 328.2 462.5 1034.0 Oct 194.2 9.5 85.2 117.0 175.6 276.9 780.0 Nov 101.2 9.0 33.0 54.0 73.5 170.8 491.7 Dec 50.2 .0 20.2 33.1 50.8 88.7 129.0 Annual 2434.6 1807.0 1920.0 2218.7 2592.5 2874.2 NA Ann-NCDC 2434.6 NA NA NA NA NA NA ------------------------------------------------------------------ Element 09: Snowfall (cm) MNDLYMX (Statistic 09): Mean Daily Maximum Value MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value MIN_MLY (Statistic 20): Minimum Monthly Value MAX_MLY (Statistic 26): Maximum Monthly Value ------------------------------------------ byr: 1961 1961 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 1990 1990 Statistic: MNDLYMX MEANMLY MIN_MLY MAX_MLY Month ------------------------------------------ Jan * * 0 1 Feb * * 0 2 Mar * * 0 * Apr 0 0 0 0 May 0 0 0 0 Jun 0 0 0 0 Jul 0 0 0 0 Aug 0 0 0 0 Sep 0 0 0 0 Oct 0 0 0 0 Nov 0 0 0 0 Dec * * 0 * Annual * * 0 2 Ann-NCDC NA * NA NA ------------------------------------------ Element 10: Snow Depth (cm) MAX_VAL (Statistic 04): Maximum Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan * Feb * Mar 0 Apr 0 May 0 Jun 0 Jul 0 Aug 0 Sep 0 Oct 0 Nov 0 Dec 0 Annual * Ann-NCDC NA ------------------ Element 11: Relative Humidity (%) MEAN (Statistic 01): Mean Value STD_DEV (Statistic 03): Standard Deviation of Mean Value MN03LST (Statistic 73): Mean of Observations at 0300 LST MN09LST (Statistic 79): Mean of Observations at 0900 LST MN15LST (Statistic 85): Mean of Observations at 1500 LST MN21LST (Statistic 91): Mean of Observations at 2100 LST ---------------------------------------------------------- byr: 1961 1961 1961 1961 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 Statistic: MEAN STD_DEV MN03LST MN09LST MN15LST MN21LST Month ---------------------------------------------------------- Jan 67 4 77 72 50 71 Feb 68 5 78 71 53 71 Mar 71 4 82 70 56 74 Apr 75 4 86 73 62 79 May 78 3 89 74 66 82 Jun 82 4 91 78 72 85 Jul 81 3 90 78 71 84 Aug 81 3 90 78 70 84 Sep 82 2 91 80 70 85 Oct 78 3 90 77 61 83 Nov 76 4 86 78 58 80 Dec 72 4 82 76 52 76 Annual 76 2 86 76 62 79 Ann-NCDC 75.9 NA 86.0 75.4 61.8 79.5 ---------------------------------------------------------- Element 12: Sea Level Pressure (hPa) MEAN (Statistic 01): Mean Value STD_DEV (Statistic 03): Standard Deviation of Mean Value -------------------------- byr: 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 Statistic: MEAN STD_DEV Month -------------------------- Jan 1020.1 1.9 Feb 1019.3 1.8 Mar 1017.3 1.3 Apr 1015.5 1.3 May 1011.8 1.1 Jun 1008.6 1.4 Jul 1008.4 1.4 Aug 1008.2 1.9 Sep 1011.5 1.2 Oct 1016.5 1.1 Nov 1020.0 1.0 Dec 1021.0 1.3 Annual 1014.9 .4 Ann-NCDC 1014.9 NA -------------------------- Element 13: Station Pressure (hPa) MEAN (Statistic 01): Mean Value STD_DEV (Statistic 03): Standard Deviation of Mean Value -------------------------- byr: 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 Statistic: MEAN STD_DEV Month -------------------------- Jan 1019.2 1.9 Feb 1018.4 1.8 Mar 1016.4 1.3 Apr 1014.6 1.3 May 1011.0 1.1 Jun 1007.8 1.4 Jul 1007.5 1.4 Aug 1007.4 1.9 Sep 1010.7 1.2 Oct 1015.6 1.1 Nov 1019.1 1.0 Dec 1020.1 1.3 Annual 1014.0 .4 Ann-NCDC 1014.0 NA -------------------------- Element 14: Vapor Pressure (hPa) MEAN (Statistic 01): Mean Value STD_DEV (Statistic 03): Standard Deviation of Mean Value -------------------------- byr: 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 Statistic: MEAN STD_DEV Month -------------------------- Jan 6.8 1.2 Feb 7.6 1.2 Mar 9.6 1.1 Apr 13.9 1.5 May 17.8 1.3 Jun 22.8 1.3 Jul 28.5 1.0 Aug 29.2 1.0 Sep 24.7 1.8 Oct 17.1 1.5 Nov 12.2 1.3 Dec 8.2 1.0 Annual 16.5 .5 Ann-NCDC 16.5 NA -------------------------- Element 15: Sunshine %OFPOSS (Statistic 37): Percent of Possible MN_#HRS (Statistic 44): Mean Number of Hours -------------------------- byr: 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 Statistic: %OFPOSS MN_#HRS Month -------------------------- Jan 59.0 186.5 Feb 51.0 158.4 Mar 47.0 173.2 Apr 42.0 160.7 May 39.0 166.1 Jun 34.0 143.4 Jul 49.0 214.1 Aug 54.0 220.2 Sep 43.0 160.6 Oct 50.0 174.7 Nov 52.0 163.4 Dec 58.0 181.7 Annual 47.0 2102.9 Ann-NCDC NA 2103.0 -------------------------- Element 16: Wind Speed (m/sec) MEAN (Statistic 01): Mean Value ------------------ byr: 1975 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan 3.0 Feb 3.0 Mar 2.9 Apr 2.9 May 2.7 Jun 2.7 Jul 2.9 Aug 3.0 Sep 2.5 Oct 2.5 Nov 2.5 Dec 2.8 Annual 2.8 Ann-NCDC 2.8 ------------------ Element 17: Wind Direction (degrees) Statistic 38: Frequency Qualifier: 022.5 degrees Qualifier: 045.0 degrees Qualifier: 067.5 degrees Qualifier: 090.0 degrees Qualifier: 112.5 degrees Qualifier: 135.0 degrees Qualifier: 157.5 degrees Qualifier: 180.0 degrees Qualifier: 202.5 degrees ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- byr: 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 eyr: 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 Qualifier: 022.5 045.0 067.5 090.0 112.5 135.0 157.5 180.0 202.5 Month ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Jan .020 .010 .010 .020 .020 .010 .010 .010 .010 Feb .030 .030 .030 .040 .020 .020 .010 .010 .010 Mar .050 .050 .050 .050 .040 .030 .020 .010 .010 Apr .040 .060 .050 .070 .070 .050 .020 .020 .010 May .050 .070 .070 .080 .060 .070 .030 .020 .010 Jun .040 .060 .080 .090 .070 .050 .030 .020 .030 Jul .030 .050 .060 .090 .080 .060 .020 .020 .020 Aug .040 .060 .070 .100 .080 .090 .020 .020 .020 Sep .060 .080 .070 .070 .050 .030 .020 .010 .010 Oct .060 .080 .070 .050 .040 .020 .010 .010 .010 Nov .040 .050 .030 .030 .020 .020 .010 .010 .010 Dec .020 .020 .010 .020 .010 .010 .010 .010 .010 Annual .040 .050 .050 .060 .050 .040 .020 .010 .010 Ann-NCDC NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Element 17: Wind Direction (degrees) Statistic 38: Frequency Qualifier: 225.0 degrees Qualifier: 247.5 degrees Qualifier: 270.0 degrees Qualifier: 292.5 degrees Qualifier: 315.0 degrees Qualifier: 337.5 degrees Qualifier: 360.0 degrees ------------------------------------------------------------------ byr: 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 1975 eyr: 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 Qualifier: 225.0 247.5 270.0 292.5 315.0 337.5 360.0 Month ------------------------------------------------------------------ Jan .030 .110 .300 .180 .210 .050 .020 Feb .020 .100 .260 .170 .190 .040 .020 Mar .030 .070 .190 .140 .180 .050 .030 Apr .030 .060 .140 .120 .170 .040 .030 May .030 .060 .110 .100 .160 .050 .030 Jun .060 .110 .070 .080 .120 .050 .030 Jul .050 .140 .110 .080 .130 .040 .020 Aug .040 .080 .090 .080 .140 .040 .020 Sep .020 .070 .070 .130 .210 .060 .040 Oct .020 .040 .100 .140 .270 .060 .030 Nov .020 .070 .160 .170 .290 .050 .030 Dec .020 .080 .240 .190 .280 .050 .020 Annual .030 .080 .150 .130 .200 .050 .030 Ann-NCDC NA NA NA NA NA NA NA ------------------------------------------------------------------ Element 17: Wind Direction (degrees) PREVAIL (Statistic 41): Prevailing ------------------ byr: 1975 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan 270.0 Feb 270.0 Mar 270.0 Apr 315.0 May 315.0 Jun 315.0 Jul 247.5 Aug 315.0 Sep 315.0 Oct 315.0 Nov 315.0 Dec 315.0 Annual 315.0 Ann-NCDC NA ------------------ Element 20: Sky Cover (Cloud Cover) (okta) MEAN (Statistic 01): Mean Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan 3.2 Feb 4.2 Mar 4.7 Apr 5.4 May 5.8 Jun 6.5 Jul 5.4 Aug 5.0 Sep 5.4 Oct 4.4 Nov 3.8 Dec 3.1 Annual 4.7 Ann-NCDC 4.7 ------------------ Element 33: Global Solar Radiation (MJ/m2) MEANDLY (Statistic 06): Mean Daily Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan 10.7 Feb 12.2 Mar 13.4 Apr 15.6 May 16.1 Jun 15.6 Jul 17.9 Aug 17.8 Sep 13.5 Oct 12.3 Nov 9.9 Dec 9.9 Annual 13.7 Ann-NCDC NA ------------------ Element 51: Number Days with Thunder (count) MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan .2 Feb .4 Mar 1.0 Apr 1.2 May 1.5 Jun 3.0 Jul 5.6 Aug 5.2 Sep 3.7 Oct .9 Nov .3 Dec .2 Annual 23.3 Ann-NCDC 23.2 ------------------ Element 56: Number Days with Snowfall (count) MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan 1.0 Feb .6 Mar .1 Apr .0 May .0 Jun .0 Jul .0 Aug .0 Sep .0 Oct .0 Nov .0 Dec .1 Annual 1.8 Ann-NCDC 1.8 ------------------ Element 73: Number Days with no Sunshine (count) MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan 3.0 Feb 3.8 Mar 4.9 Apr 6.0 May 5.9 Jun 6.6 Jul 2.5 Aug 1.4 Sep 3.9 Oct 4.2 Nov 3.7 Dec 2.4 Annual 48.3 Ann-NCDC 48.3 ------------------ Element 83: Number Days Maximum Temperature GE Threshold (count) Statistic 15: Mean Monthly Value Qualifier: 25.0 deg C Qualifier: 30.0 deg C -------------------------- byr: 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 Qualifier: 25.0 30.0 Month -------------------------- Jan .0 .0 Feb .0 .0 Mar .2 .0 Apr 2.7 .1 May 11.0 .8 Jun 22.1 4.4 Jul 30.1 21.2 Aug 31.0 24.8 Sep 26.4 9.2 Oct 11.9 .6 Nov 1.0 .0 Dec .0 .0 Annual 136.5 61.1 Ann-NCDC 136.4 61.1 -------------------------- Element 86: Number Days Minimum Temperature GE Threshold (count) Qualifier: 25.0 deg C MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan .0 Feb .0 Mar .0 Apr .0 May .0 Jun .4 Jul 6.4 Aug 6.2 Sep .8 Oct .0 Nov .0 Dec .0 Annual 13.7 Ann-NCDC 13.8 ------------------ Element 87: Number Days Mean Temperature GE Threshold (count) Qualifier: 25.0 deg C MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan .0 Feb .0 Mar .0 Apr .0 May .3 Jun 5.2 Jul 25.9 Aug 29.7 Sep 11.8 Oct .6 Nov .0 Dec .0 Annual 73.5 Ann-NCDC 73.5 ------------------ Element 91: Number Days Maximum Temperature LT Threshold (count) Qualifier: 0.0 deg C MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan .0 Feb .0 Mar .0 Apr .0 May .0 Jun .0 Jul .0 Aug .0 Sep .0 Oct .0 Nov .0 Dec .0 Annual .0 Ann-NCDC 0.0 ------------------ Element 93: Number Days Minimum Temperature LT Threshold (count) Qualifier: 0.0 deg C MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan 10.4 Feb 7.3 Mar 1.7 Apr .1 May .0 Jun .0 Jul .0 Aug .0 Sep .0 Oct .0 Nov .3 Dec 4.6 Annual 24.4 Ann-NCDC 24.4 ------------------ Element 95: Number Days with Precipitation GE Threshold (count) Statistic 15: Mean Monthly Value Qualifier: 0.5 mm Qualifier: 1.0 mm Qualifier: 10.0 mm Qualifier: 30.0 mm Qualifier: 50.0 mm Qualifier: 70.0 mm Qualifier: 100.0 mm ------------------------------------------------------------------ byr: 1968 1961 1961 1961 1961 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 Qualifier: 0.5 1.0 10.0 30.0 50.0 70.0 100.0 Month ------------------------------------------------------------------ Jan 6.2 5.1 1.8 .3 .2 .1 .1 Feb 8.0 6.9 2.9 .5 .2 .0 .0 Mar 12.3 10.1 4.8 1.6 .4 .2 * Apr 12.5 12.2 6.4 2.6 1.0 .3 .1 May 12.9 12.2 6.8 3.5 1.5 .8 .1 Jun 16.5 15.3 9.2 4.5 2.4 1.3 .4 Jul 14.5 12.9 6.8 3.1 1.7 .8 .4 Aug 14.3 12.7 6.7 3.0 1.7 .9 .4 Sep 13.3 12.1 6.6 3.0 1.9 1.3 .6 Oct 9.0 8.1 4.1 1.9 1.1 .7 .3 Nov 6.1 5.8 2.4 .9 .4 .3 .1 Dec 6.0 5.3 1.8 .4 .1 * .0 Annual 131.5 118.6 60.5 25.3 12.5 6.7 2.4 Ann-NCDC 131.6 118.7 60.3 25.3 12.6 6.7 2.5 ------------------------------------------------------------------ Element BH: Number Days Mean Temperature LT Threshold (count) Qualifier: 0.0 deg C MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan * Feb .1 Mar .0 Apr .0 May .0 Jun .0 Jul .0 Aug .0 Sep .0 Oct .0 Nov .0 Dec .0 Annual .1 Ann-NCDC 0.1 ------------------ Element BJ: Number Days with Fog (count) MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value ------------------ byr: 1961 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan .7 Feb 1.0 Mar .6 Apr 1.2 May 1.1 Jun 1.2 Jul 1.0 Aug .9 Sep 1.1 Oct .8 Nov .6 Dec .5 Annual 10.7 Ann-NCDC 10.7 ------------------ Element BM: Number Days with Daily Maximum Wind Speed GE Threshold (count) Statistic 15: Mean Monthly Value Qualifier: 10.0 m/sec Qualifier: 15.0 m/sec Qualifier: 20.0 m/sec Qualifier: 30.0 m/sec ------------------------------------------ byr: 1975 1975 1975 1975 eyr: 1990 1990 1990 1990 Qualifier: 10.0 15.0 20.0 30.0 Month ------------------------------------------ Jan 1.5 .0 .0 .0 Feb 1.6 .0 .0 .0 Mar 1.7 .1 .0 .0 Apr .9 .0 .0 .0 May .4 .0 .0 .0 Jun .4 .0 .0 .0 Jul .6 .2 .1 .0 Aug 1.0 .2 .0 .0 Sep .9 .4 .0 .0 Oct .6 .0 .0 .0 Nov .4 .0 .0 .0 Dec 1.0 .0 .0 .0 Annual 11.1 .8 .1 .0 Ann-NCDC 11.0 0.9 0.1 0.0 ------------------------------------------ Element BT: Number Days with Occurrence of Rain (count) MEANMLY (Statistic 15): Mean Monthly Value ------------------ byr: 1968 eyr: 1990 Month ------------------ Jan 11.7 Feb 13.7 Mar 18.0 Apr 18.1 May 18.7 Jun 21.8 Jul 20.9 Aug 20.3 Sep 20.1 Oct 15.3 Nov 11.9 Dec 11.2 Annual 201.5 Ann-NCDC 201.7 ------------------ Element BW: Number Days with Daily Maximum Snow Cover GE Threshold (count) Statistic 15: Mean Monthly Value Qualifier: 0.0 cm Qualifier: 5.0 cm Qualifier: 10.0 cm Qualifier: 20.0 cm Qualifier: 50.0 cm Qualifier: 100.0 cm ---------------------------------------------------------- byr: 1961 1961 1961 1961 1961 1961 eyr: 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 1990 Qualifier: 0.0 5.0 10.0 20.0 50.0 100.0 Month ---------------------------------------------------------- Jan .2 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Feb .2 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Mar .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Apr .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 May .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Jun .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Jul .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Aug .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Sep .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Oct .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Nov .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Dec .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Annual .4 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 Ann-NCDC 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ----------------------------------------------------------